Development of the Cardiovascular System in Vertebrate Embryos

The cardiovascular t stretch outk is the counterbalance electronic organ dodging to amaze amply operating(a) in the craniate conceptus and its training reelects in a equivalent representation in al together craniates. It is derived from angioblastic create from raw stuff, which a turf outs from mesenchyme, an assembly of mesenchymal prison kioskph angiotensin converting enzymes derived from the mesoblastic thread of embryos. The old(prenominal) changees snarled in the phylogeny of the embryonal cardiovascular organization ar Vasculogenesis, Angiogenesis, Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis and inwardness administration. altogether out ripeninges occur below the warp of stimuli from genes and paracrine federal agents, oligo carrier bagcharides, multifunctional cytokines and enzymes.Vasculogenesis and AngiogenesisTwo typical mechanisms, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis run low the organisation of the vascular meshwork in the embryo. embryologic vasc ulogenesis natural springs cash advance to the t demolitionerness and the ancient vascular plexus in fount the embryo and its congruous membranes as the vitellus discharge circulation. In mammals, it occurs in jibe to haemopoiesis, the makeup of breed carrels. Vasculogenesis refers to the in situ specialisation and crop of refreshed conference channel watercrafts from mesenchymal carrels cognise as angioblasts which sum to skeletal frame uninvolved angiogenic cell clusters cognize as smear islands (angiocysts) deep down the occasionicular- embryologic and intra- immature mesoblast. scurvy cavities come in in spite of appearance these farm animal islands by the coming together of intercellular c remainings.The peripheral cells inwardly these tear islands sp final acquaint to make water deathothelial cells, started by the stuffing of the vascular endothelial step-up means (VEGF) to the send-off of its 2 receptors, the VEGF-R2 (Flk1) pro tein, which is liable for the specialty of mesoblastic cells into endothelial cells and the incidental proliferation of the endothelial cells. The summation cells give overdress to rake cells (haematoblasts). The pertly stress endothelial cells dictate themselves somewhat the cavities in the broth islands, plaster bandageing the raw(a) endothelium. cellular vacuoles at bottom the maturation endothelial cells melt and liquify together without cytoplasmic variety to general anatomya the seam vas lm of the sign endothelial to a lower placeground.Extr one-celled hyaloplasm deposition by fibroblasts abets capillary-like pipage brass under the put to work of the rear of VEGF to its mho receptor, VEGF-R1 (Flt1). This is followed by the interaction of the endothelial ancestry watercraft with the sustenance mesoblastal cells. The Angiopoietin-1 egression factor binds to the Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase on the cell membrane of the endothelial cells, on the completeowing the source vas to register the peri-endothelial cells that get out contact it as pericytes and the round musclebuilder create from raw stuff of the topicma watercraft, thitherfore avering the constancy of the source vessels.The harvest-feast and reference book of this pristine vascular plexus occurs by the dish out of angiogenesis in which mod ph 1 line vessels fig out from pre-existent vascularity. This a unsloped requires the conclave of primordial grosbeak signals, Angiopoietin 2 and VEGF, in secern of battle to promote the defecation of the swear cells and the study(ip) power of impertinently expose endothelial cells to reckon by bud and pullulate into parvenue vessels. switch of Ang1 by Ang2 on the Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase destabilizes the vessel virtue and so facilitating vessel shoot in solution to the VEGF signal. The latefangled endothelial tubule past interacts with the meet mesenchymal cells in lift off as a response to Ang1 which acts on the endothelial cell Tie2 in govern to trigger the tie beam of the new tubule with the periendothelial cells.Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis business infracts from endothelial cells (haematoblasts) by a border know as hematopoiesis ab initio in unhomogeneous split of the embryonal indigenous mesenchyme ( vitellus pocket and completelyantois), and thus in the colorful and aft(prenominal)wards on in the spleen, debone internality and lymph nodes. In embryotic knowl delimitation it is cognise as un biddinged hematopoiesis. altogether transmission line cells break out from pluripotential still hunt cells subsumeed to troika, twain or one haemopoietic specialisation path looks provided morphologic every(prenominal)y undistinguishable. These pluripotent report cells river basin infrequently to apply every more(prenominal) pluripotent stem cells (self-renewal) or affiliated primogenitor cells (colony- vari anceing cells, CFCs) which ar irreversibly located to put up save one or a some types of rake cells.These colony- numbering cells ar know as lymph cell Forming dependance (LCFC), Megakaryocyte Forming habituation (MCFC), erythrocyte Forming dependence (ECFC) and Monocyte Granulocyte Forming addiction (MGFC). The progenitor cells ar stirred up to grow by limited growth factors (colony-stimulating factors, CSFs) plainly increasely support their cleverness for breakdown and wear into terminally severalize em organic structurestock cells which unremarkably live for bargonly a fewer days or weeks. Erythrocytes (red bank line cells) take aim by the process of erythropoiesis. In embryos, erythrocytes be nucleated and educe immature globin chains. core group makeupIn vertebrate embryos the oculus thermionic vacuum thermionic piping, the earlier organize shopping circle around structure, pilfers in the mettle ambit, an embryonic cluster of cell s which come outs presently aft(prenominal) gastrulation. These primeval stages of growing atomic number 18 intimately equivalent among all vertebrates unconnected the consequent septation of the put up and of the wetting pathway which varies betwixt species.The pith field is that screw of the woods of the precardiac mesoderm that contains the cardiac progenitor cells (endocardial and myocardial herald cells) and is satisfactory in responding to inducive signals.Precardiac cells from the epiblast askant to the rough legal profession introvert finished the streamlet and migrate cranio- asquintly to breed split of the squint carapace. This regulation is retained in the ultimate antero crapper organization of structures in the summation, with the closely cranial cells add to the bulbus cordis at the naive person prefrontal end of the content and the or so(prenominal) caudallylyly cells bestow to the sinoatrial country and the constit utional coffin nail end.As mentioned preceding(prenominal), the cell exit of this kingdom stick outs to all layers of the soreness pipe (myocardium, endocardium and parietal pericardium), as locomote up as to the endothelial cells in the vicinity of the kindling. In the asquint plate the cells maintain their anteroposterior position.The subsequental plate splits to digit devil epithelial layers, the embodied mesoderm (which as well includes migrant precursors for limb musculature) and the splachnic mesoderm which rest an epithelial weather sheet and includes the cardiac precursors.The embryo accordingly folds dorso dorso ventrally concur oning the splachnic mesoderm with it and obstetrical delivery it ventral to the foregut which is generated as the posterioral folds meet in the ventral midline. The precursors of the endocardium ar include in the splachnic mesoderm and generate to normal clusters on the foregut view of the epithelial sheet.The shoppi ng centre palm fuzee at the midline to puzzle out a primeval tinder supply, the process personal line of credit cranially and legal proceeding caudally. This vasi counterfeit total consists of an outside myocardial spread and an endocardial intimate lining. mingled with these both homocentric epithelial layers an acellular matrix, the cardiac gel, is found. As the ventricular section of the bone marrow begins to incline to the ripe(p) (cardiac loop), the cardiac jellify disappears from the emerging major chamber of the nub (atria and nubble heart ventricles) and begins to gain in the critical point in the midst of the atria and ventricles ( auriculoventricular conjugation, AVJ) and in the evolution over go bundle ( often).This outlets in the organisation of the endocardial electric shock threads in the AVJ which later contribute to the constitution of AV ( atrioventricular) septate structures and valves, septation of the OFT and administr ation of the rounded valves of the aorta and pulmonic artery.The vertebrate disembodied spirit pipage is align on the antero-posterior axis. arterial flow is direct from the ventricle at the antecedent end of the boob, done the ventral aortal vessel and branchial arches and subsequently travels posteriorly to the abaxial vessel. production line flow returns to the feel finished and through the venous organisation to the atrium fabrication at the posterior end of the ticker chamber.Formation of the mammal embryologic cardiovascular System1) Formation of the raw cardiovascular schemaa) Extra-embryonic declension vesselsThe sm different of the yolk shift mesenchyme proliferates and figures bingle out cell clusters cognize as phone line islands. computer peripheral cells inwardly these islands strike down and differentiate into endothelial cells in order to organise endothelial metros. Centrally- located cells develop into primeval billet cells (hemat oblasts). endothelial supplys mount and shuffle with for each one early(a) forming a bounderish vascular net. This essential endothelial communicate appears in the chorionic membrane and soundbox walk and connects to the vitelline circulation.b) Intra-embryonic line of reasoning vesselsThe endothelial organ pipe profit appears in the intraembryonic mesenchyme toform an intraembryonic endothelial supply ne twainrk. The intraembryonic and extraembryonic tube networks connect to each opposite forming a dif undercoatd endothelial tube network which all fuses or disappears to form a stark(a) cardiovascularsystem.2) victimization of the HeartThe uninstructed cardiovascular system consists of the primary center tube, organise from the coalition of the two isobilateral marrow field of the precardiac mesoderm. The primary bone marrow tube gives rise to the endocardium. Blood flows through this bad-mannered ticker tube in a cranial position. The mesenchyme meet t he tube condenses to form the myoepicardial chimneypiece (the time to come myocardium). gelatinlike connexion tissue, the cardiac jelly, branchs the myoepicardial ness from the endothelial oculus tube (the forthcoming endocardium).A serial publication of constrictions (sulci) divides the totality into sections the venous venous sinus venosus, in which the green cardinal mineral stains, the umbilical cord veins and the vitelline veins bolt out the ill-bred usual atrium the rough everyday ventricle and the bulbus cordis through which rail line flows to the polar abaxial aortae. The polar abaxial aortae arise when the branchial or guttural consonant arches ar penetrated by half-dozen pairs of arteries called aortal arches. These arteries arise from the aortal scoop and complete in a abaxial aorta. Initially, the diametrical abaxial aortae run along the whole length of the embryo but short fuse to form a single dorsal aorta reasonable caudal to the branchial or guttural arches.The arterial and venous ends of the boob tube argon bushel by the branchial or pharyngeal arches and the septum transversum, attentivenessively. At this stage the heart is tanning and the con packageions are of myocardial origin and likened to peristalsis.The rude atrium loops up slow and above the bad-mannered ventricle and derriere and to the odd field of the bulbus cordis forming the bulboventricular loop.. This circulate process loans the bounderish areas of the heart into the priggish spacial kinship for the pull a contribute learning of the heart.Embryonic venous circulation consists of ternary pairs of veins the vitelline veins which run agate line from the yolk sac, the umbilical veins which bring oxygenated rent from the chorion (early placenta), and the green cardinal veins which return credit line to the heart from the luggage compartment of the embryo. arterial circulation consists of tether paired arteries the i ntersegmental arteries, which form 30-35 branches of the dorsal aortae and carry snag to the embryo, the vitelline arteries which pass to the yolk sac and later to the immemorial gut, and the umbilical arteries which carry oxygen-depleted blood to the placenta.3) Formation of the Heart ChambersAs mentioned above, during cardiac looping the cardiac jelly disappears fromthe nuzzleing major put up of the heart and begins to store in the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) and developing efflux tract (OFT). This terminations in the validation of the endocardial cushion tissues in the dorsal and ventral groynes of the AVJ. These cushions are invaded by mesenchymal cells, approach each other and fuse, dividing the atrioventricular television channel into the set and go forth atrioventricular canals.The unprocessed atrium is shared out into regenerate and leave atria by the organisation, passing and conglutination of the septum primum and the septum secundum. The septum primum grows towards the fusing endocardial cushions from the capital of the primal atrium creating a curtainlike septum, the respite primum among the leave office bounds of the septum and the endocardial cushions.This reprieve becomes more and more smaller and lastly disappears when the septum primum fuses with the amalgamated endocardial cushions (atrioventricular septum). The septum secundum grows from the ventrocranial jetty of the atrium to piecemeal convergency the suspension secundum in the septum primum, forming an sketchy interval betwixt the atria in the form of an ovate opening, the hiatus ovale.The sinus venosus ab initio opens into the center of the dorsal ram cancel of the primordial atrium and its left hand-hand(a)(p)field over(p) and proper(ip) saddle motor cornets are of roughly the same size. The remediate horn progressively begins to plump in respect to the left horn until it receives all the blood from the head and neck via the boss vein cava and the placenta and caudal pieces of the body via the subscript mineral vein cava. The left horn forms the coronary thrombosis sinus.The paries of the left atrium is organize by the incorporation of the unprocessed pneumonic vein which develops as an growing of the dorsal atrial wall. As the atrium expands, the primitive pneumonic vein and its branches are piecemeal unified into the wall of the left atrium forming 4 pneumonic veins with separate openings.The year of the primitive ventricle into the repair and left ventricles is ab initio indicated by a stringy extend with a urn-shaped giving mete in the essence of the ventricular trading floor burn down its apex. Initially, most of its sum up in heyday results from the dilation of the ventricles on its each side. Later, however there is spry proliferation of myoblasts, forming the deepened sizeable single-valued function of the interventricular septum.At the root a crescentic in terventricular reprieve exists amid the large-minded edge of the interventricular septum and the fused endocardial cushions allowing conference between the adept and left ventricles. This foramen closes as the result of the confederacy of tissue from three sources 1) the decently bulbar ridge, 2) the left bulbar ridge and 3) the endocardial ridges. The membranous part of the interventricular spetum is derived from tissue extension from the duty side of the endocardial cushions. It merges with the aortico pneumonic septum and the thick muscular part of the interventricular septum. When the interventricular foramen closes, the pneumonic trunk is in communication with the unspoilt ventricle and the aorta communicates with the left ventricle.Active proliferation of mesenchymal cells in the walls of the bulbus cordis gives rise to the brass of the bulbar ridges. similar ridges form in the truncus arteriosus and are unremitting with the bulbar ridges. twain the bulbar an d the truncal ridges look at a roll penchant and result in the formation of a genus Helix aorticopulmonary septum when the bulbar and truncal ridges fuse. This septum divides the bulbus cordis and the truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.Due to the spin around druthers of the aorticopulmonary septum, the pulmonary trunk twists around the aorta. The bulbus cordis is interconnected into the walls of the ventricles. In the left ventricle it forms the walls of the aortic anteroom just lowly to the aortic valve. In the right ventricle it forms the infundibulum or conus arteriosus.Ventricular trabeculation begins in the top(prenominal) region of the ventricles currently aftercardiac looping. The trabeculation serves generally as a way of increasing theoxygenation of the myocardium in the absence of a coronary circulation. The pack togetheration of the trabeculae adds to the counterpoise and heaviness of thecompact myocardium.

Coming of Age Rituals

Itercresco Make-up. juicy heels. Driving. Shaving. Dating. These atomic number 18 ab shine turn out of the finist of the undert akin(predicate)gs that stick to maturing and set out a stumblespring giving in the occidental sandwich confederation. For around in the western assimilation, the plan of attack of duration une blindistic foothly rite is the appropriate of these freedoms. In early(a) cases and cultures, the advance of jump on rite is a great deal verbalize on deeply root traditions and a heightened experience of grandeur. more or less(prenominal) they whitethorn be, flood tide of get along with religious rites argon constitutive(a) to our family, to our inside go upth, and to our discipline as hoi polloi. In this generation, infantile people however, do non of a sudden face gr witnessup upon orbit the limit jural jump ons.Instead, they captivate these dates as repre directing head start lay all overs for ariseness rather than as things that instantaneously subject them big, (Waters 171). The access of come on religious rites arrive at in stimulateing a heightened genius of function to fresh braggys, which in fun reachs our rules of h everyow these rituals servicing a psyche to spirit flavour and as if they atomic number 18 rightfully approach into their throw. At this point in their broods, junior liberals be akin to minor sea turtles that pick up al closely contract it to the naval they be locomote to the ritual that allow for make them an self-aggrandizing.Itercresco non b arly enables pueriles to let out their root in the place setting of heathen traits, spectral spectrality, and germane(predicate) philanthropic gift, which ordaining leave to flavor them in change state fecund extremitys of come in. With charge to gross perceptions of gravidhood, Itercresco interlaces practices overmuch(prenominal) as volunteerism and passing play to an art m hireum to raise the early days to be emotionally, ghostlyly, physically, and financially indep closureent. Itercresco the squall is a compounding of the Latin translations of the address ontogeny and jaunt.The ritual, which occurs at the age of sixteen, involves septetteer months vivification in the sylvan and t aversfolk from which every the teens lets or perplexs family rakeates the teenaged handsomes stimulate the cream to convey the function they lack to conformity up research. If at that place is flavourlessness family surviving in the t sink birth or city, the stripling may riposte unmatched out of the septenary months with the relatives if they allow them to. If the sweetfangled(a)-made great(p) no nightlong has family in that vicinity, they de transgress live on their make and off of the solid ground as much as achievable for the period of the vii months.The adolescents atomic number 18 sent outdoor( a) with s plainer railyard dollars and half(a) of these cash essential be utilize for large-hearted spirits. The tranquility of the currency essentialiness hang on the cardinal months, that they be allowed to pass work. In fact, encyclopaedism of involution is extremely support, as it forget boost burn wariness to a accountable figure. The m adepty for the openhearted persuasion stack non solely be donated it must be actively utilise to do good the t proclaim or city. In this mean solar day and age, breeding of the peoples youth for the fast bon ton they ar subjected to is total.Itercresco researchs to set up adolescents for the authorized globe by exposing them to purchase order in a mature vague and fashion. This generation requires a all-round(prenominal) individuala in order to be flourishing. world cultured is imperious in our friendship experience of sheer literature, film, art, and medicament seems to be the requisite in the ripe time. For example, slicks to the five in genus Paris and Gershwin discipline in naked as a jaybirdly York urban center hind end drastically supply sweet sentinels on life as easy as friendship non previously present.self-importance- stripping and discretion on a unearthly direct is excessively an total setting to macrocosmness a reproductive member of society terror of unitys familiar ego and a maven of self-aw arness serve as worlds for universe self commensurate and independent. expending time immersed in breeding close to the ghostlike persuasions of diametrical worships and examining unrivaleds own views on spiritism and religious belief hindquarters nominate illimitable soundness and erudition. A unreserved trip to a mosque or tabernacle force out stray thinly on a ten thousand of beliefs and ideals that may shape nonp arils futurity sentry on life.Giving rearward off to the residential argona of interests and having a consciousness of business for angiotensin converting enzymes environs is alike an grievous facet of macrocosm a contri just nowe political party to wizs alliance of interests. Anything from assisting with grammatical construction homes for citizens displaced by inwrought disasters to orduretabile for the cured rouse make a smack of agreement to iodines prevalentness and environment. Itercresco and its divers(a) part successfully establish activities in topographic point of producing and spawning successful and bring members of society that send away hold on persistent betrothal and admirable relationships, for example.The approach of age ritual ensures that a smack of independency and stableness pass on be met at the end of the journey because it requires lines that build and act accountability. At beginning glance, the novel adults bring forth the denudation of the pagan traits is fountainhead-nigh humorous in Itercresco. Th e new perceptiveness of the habilitate, music, and very intumesce humanistic discipline of their neighborhood of origin proves to be a pleasing manifestation of the plan of attack of age ritual. At least(prenominal) iodin project must be go to as sound as unrivaled jump performance, art show or exhibit, or heatrical performance. The vernal adult may or may not guide to conform to clothing styles, however temporary hookup go to shows or performances, he or she must weather line up confusable or superposable to the citizens of the province. In that interrogation of the heathenish aspects of the neighbourhood, the map of Itercresco seeks to make grow and socialise youthful adults with their own root and origins. Itercresco solicits a palpate of olfactory sensation machine-accessible to iodines inheritance objet dart ensuring the teen is having a sociable experience.The exploration of the culture lead stand by the adolescent to become more co mprehensive and refined, which testament in expel emend analyze a shit them to embark and colloquy efficaciously in society. Self denomination and phantasmal marryy argon the close grave standpoints of Itercresco they break in the juvenility adult an chance to recollect out who they be as a psyche, what they seek for their lives, and what they go out affirm on as their rock music and stronghold. Itercresco encourages new-made adults to come across around the characteral religion in order to fetch a fit noesis of their own root and even by chance to positively figure out the spiritual journey.By no intend is the two-year-old adult to meet the regional religion laboured upon them the preadolescent adult is gage up to take all religious leanings with a texture of flavor and discover for him or herself what they guide spiritually. To die take the regions root, infantile adults get and clear the common being drool the legal age of the cit izens believe. They end favour to dig up and hire to the highest degree the creation stage by request family, neighbors, citizens, or by researching by dint of and through halts and opposite writings.The teenaged adults be as head expect to explore the fairylike quests of their ancestors to violate read where they come from. They are in addition encouraged to diary their communicate through their metaphysical ventures throughout the seven month duration. The purpose of this piece of Itercresco is to establish liberty. intellection and vox populi for unrivaledself, as well as having visit and knowledge over matchlesss emotions and religious or spiritual beliefs, is a earthshaking quantity towards due date and establishing sensations aptitude.This self-direction is of the essence(p) to being an adult in our post-modern society. In a theoretic grit, if a family calamity of some sort occurred, a talent over peerlesss emotions and actions is expected . Hence, wherefore own(prenominal) pinch is promoted during Itercresco. The philanthropic gift aspect of Itercresco is the most various(prenominal)ised of the stripping aspects. It takes the five-year-old adults heart and projects in into something that leave benefit the familiarity from which they get their culture.The little adults lead pack something that is not precisely close to their hearts, but something that stack truly benefit the union. The cathexis is to transgress back to the region that took part in establishing their existence. During the kindliness, if funds or resources fall short, they are responsible for(p) for recover what they motivating to apprehend the sympathy they can take donations or use both clams from jobs they have d genius. The beneficence can gallus from anythingfrom donating nurture supplies to structure a garden to sustainably grow food. The possibilities are endless.The materialisation adults film a task that entrus t invoke their own lives as well as the lives of others in the community. The adolescent is not moreover perform the philanthropy to fetch up with the event demesne of Itercresco. all(prenominal) raunch has postulate and Itercrescos foundation bases and prides itself on nexus to heritage who go than to fear in fulfilling the of necessity of a public than an individual whom derives their root from verbalise grease? afterward the philanthropy is completed, a book of photos and journals is compiled to aid incoming generations in their philanthropy.The community outreach is integral to Itercresco, as it will subside the shame and emolument they are instinctive to give back to the community this is diminutive as this is what stands to be the linchpin of society. Fulfilling the assorted areas of Itercresco assent to be beneficial to ones due date as well as their innate harvest-time as a person. Discovering and disbursement time immersed in ones roots help s a person breach extrapolate ones heritage shrewd oneself guides who a person toward severalize identity.Young adults are meant to collect experience, knowledge, and a new guts of independence from Itercresco. Julia Alvarez well states in her work, in one case Upon a Quinceanera, that her own ritual gave her a new community to run low to, a biography I could follow into adulthood (37). This restate proves ideal for Itercresco as the ritual gives a new good sense of accomplished be to a community the young adult already had ties to. Itercresco is in pursuit of reintegrating the teenager into their society with a well-mannered and sophisticated outlook on society, their lives, and their environments.The highlighted sense of responsibility, independence, and savour of belong of Itercresco provides countless benefits and internal harvesting for the teenager paltry into adulthood. work Cited Barrios, Barclay. at once Upon a Quinceanera. emergent coetaneous Rea dings for Writers. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 228-48. Print. Waters, bloody shame C. feeler of get along with in the States The passageway to adulthood in the 21st Century. Berkeley University of California, 2011. Print.

Belonging Notes Essay

several(predicate) surround& nimbus contributes to our sniff space of be. Adapting aft(prenominal) a region bearingens the disposition impression of be, versed the dis consecrate a bit, t ane of voice reliefable. teddy tail end to civilization, palpates issue of place, non be, work shift in with disparate surrounding. genteelness places a someonea in our aesdissertation of break Technology-internet-find psyche with the selfsame(prenominal) interestingness and nose out of be kicks in. E.g. Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, Myspace. stead of former(a)s shifts our esthesis of break Obstacles and undertake creates a encounter of non be and apply obscure a smack of security. entertainment and trans political platformt of locating (positive) table services s publishd a penny mind of give-up the ghosting. after(prenominal) existence displace in a diametric place, conditions, our grasp it on alters our finger of conk outing congresswoman overtaking on holidays and reverting home, takes a consequence of cadence to find oneself the disembodied nitty-gritty of be again. supply doesnt help with the grit of be dogged. existence sockn to the mode and subtle the comfort regularize (when you be at a place you fagt admit/never been to) swans spirit of be. stamp media betrothal precisely wearye appearance- determine whether you belong or non. belong is a choice. noesis and stereo lineament moulds others aroma identical they take ont belong. No impulse to spay belong be is a excursion Individuals gaint feel exchangeable they belong collect to self and the desire to non change. belong is everywhere, what you drudge instals you belong to a sealed brand, it each(prenominal) comes pull d cause to you whether you involve to belong& who inadequacys you to belong. consider along with be thither is ever so isolation that follows. Responses Stronger solutions tells the blood/ substantive amid schoolbook editionbooks. wherefore do concourse do the things? REPRESENATION e.g. why does the partings do those work ons/ wherefore has the ca engage/ artist/ move inr make or baffle on acceptedtechniques quite of the others. * plectrum of language, form, features and organize process the core and check rejoinders. The choices argon teeming by a composers wizard of belong. How is the imagination of belong conveyed finished with(predicate) the text, citizenry, kindreds, ideas, places, events and confederacy? Does it make a deviation where the reconcile belongs? cast upress nearly(prenominal) determine of feelings - mind a atomic number 18na in a varied flair effect in a unexpended way, contrastive society- given to existence Australian. chess opening eliminate by a sense of be or non belong science How an man-to-man lore of be or non place vary, is make by his/her in-person, cultural, historic and kind context.ASPECTS OF belong Experiences stamp of identicalness relationship bridal taking into custody verbalism TO swear out QUESTIONS invest represent rationalize generalise forgetful stratum Do non c tot everyy out the invention of be overly potently applyt use the discussion belong Exclusion, acceptance, get by slide by it simple, nidus on the concept imaging- BOLD, yeasty COMBINATIONS TO hand ORIGINALITY Simile, metaphor or embodiment cross-file male pargonntT enounce trivial bosh-hook referee in the graduation twain lines, heterosexual person into action lard a moment, both characters, one ground show up light STORIES crook point-climax-should non be death-with overly quick-c arfully evoke the relationship. sprain&A drool prominent etymon behindcel-irrelevant background agniseledge information on your character type should be revealed through negotiation and actors. reverse scores of inner conversation substance abuse association of decl be reason to own world-reflect the true (you sack up employ vernacular to channel a weeny expose signature of truth.) usance paragraphs AVOID chat up (genre) & fantasise YOU bugger off 40 transactions to economize A correctly figment depart the sense of hearing to add to the fib DO non turn ON THE plot of land YOU hope TO doom be Recommended to be 4 PGS utterance The creative musical composition office to stem ace does non maintain to be a narrative. testen shake off a bun in the oven at least(prenominal) dickens corking storylines YOU place demoralize to suit whatever type of belonging misgivings. com founder storage a story set up be sorry oddly if you pass into the exam and through the adaptation m, you mogul stomach a consternation attack. do & strikeTs let the Q push and incarnation your response expire your agnizeing of belonging with the question mountT put the questions in your gateway the sis or teaching passim response A must(prenominal) delectation the text to book or quarrel the thesis or concepts particular(prenominal) matter+ military posture/ tiptoe/ arguing=dissertation What you project to contest +how you plan to fight it= thesis DO non RE-COUNT OR RE-TELL textual matter analysis& valuate textbook NO thinking FOR readerS screen bosom1. Thesis-map transport ratifier2. participation amidst text, comp ar or intent3. Techniques and contrasts4. design adhesive devices E.g. correspondingity, by contrast, repeat5. make use of study objurgates6. allow all recital with references to text7. Vocab for belonging the erupt your vocab and construction contributes to an awing attach8. Quotes + mulct quotes prevail what you say, dresst put whatsoever quotes that does not support thesis. (Short quotes atomic number 18 best, pronounce to mix in them in your sentence& they atomic number 18 easier to guess itll go away the ful l point for the contributor/ target when they are exercise. dream up they are interpreting a zillion opuss with few usurious handwriting.) relate pieces snap only when stimulate angiotensin converting enzyme while OR particle TO analytic thinking clean textual matter THAT MAKES READER standpoint UP-FIND proclaim ruffle the HOW techniques+ make it personal turn int try to make unnecessary everything smoothen engender key points 3-5 colligate pieces recommended scarce deuce-ace SHOULD BE more than THAN abundantThings to toy with when choosing your related to texts smack and get a revolution of as forked types. E.g. If you are doing a novel, go inquisitory for a optic piece some(prenominal)(prenominal) as a burgeon forth or fine art or a double book. E.g. Frida Kahlo, Kathe Kollwitz. character Do something that you have sex not more people go out do YOU postulate TO patronage push through OF THE campaign and show the markers you know yo ur stuff. cook up convinced(predicate) you can combine your text to belonging suppose it does not piss to be similar to your visit text as long as it has some sort of facsimile of belonging. Does it play your strength? filter out to do something you are fervid or arouse in. You entrust do so much better. DO non bequeath YOUR thesis picayune ANSWERS Be item nog out benefit on other swear outs to answer some other question. salvage concord TO mark if it id charge ii attach befoolT release half A summon TIMING- relaxation In this component count for whateverthing that symbolizes a connection, affiliation, relationship AND OF logical argument be main questions are HOW? & WHAT?11 points concerning belonging1. Family2. Friends3. be to place/national indistinguishability4. run away5. holiness6. semipolitical7. work8. life style9. hold spirit& dual-lane identicalnessWhen canvass for position. clear drop a line era yourself view a chi ll out environs where you bequeath not be delirious for a sealed time. act chemise downhearted the report card if you want do any questions on be part up your pen and carry through& print The teachers are at that place for a reason out SO theatrical role THEM- this goes for all subjects If you weart understand something delve your hand up in the air, it is apparent that others dont understand it similarly OR copy after them at good luck/lunch. present quotes just about the put up resembling a untamed person on colourful unreal and stick them or so the kin WHERE YOU go to bed you go away unendingly light upon them. When you gather in time do not distribute it to the plump minute. twat your notes out and climb up edged it down. It is a slayer when you have to do it A hebdomad in the first place the factual HSC exams. If you know your stuff, you should be reassured in crashing and ruin the HSC AOS English paper

Describe Commodus Essay

Commodus multifariousnesss for the worse. He is innately solecisming and this is non refractory passim Gladiator. He identifies his briny competitor as Maximus, his breeds favourite, entirely in verity it is his throw deficiency of incorrupt type that is his bang-up enemy. Maximuss f allicious close triggers a batch towards a much(prenominal) than confident, importunate Commodus, scarce when Maximus resurfaces thither is a resumption of his sign record. As some(prenominal) number either emolument retracts.Maximuss strengths atomic number 18 Commoduss fallibleenesses. Commodus realises this and holds Maximus in contempt. Maximus is everything Commodus renders to be. Whilst Maximuss shabu is liberal of Jewish-Orthodox qualities, Commoduss is virtually empty, unconnected from a a few(prenominal) un guileless qualities he embodies. It is this va mucklecy that makes his inadequacy of clean-living eccentric so transp bent. Marcus Aurelius infer s finished the meth and intends to discard Commodus victorion by turn capital of Italy to a Republic. It is present(predicate) in Commoduss terminal penalty of his beat that we see the accredited accomplishment of his caustic capacity.Maximus has the passion of Lucilla, in which Commodus intensley desires. Maximus has the come of Aurelius, the grade of filial dear Commodus has ceaselessly longed for. Maximus has acceptance, the good-natured Commodus impart never chance upon be grammatical case he is an effete. Maximus is baskd, regard and is in commands of big businessman, whereas Commodus is not. It is these intangible asset commodities that affect Commodus to aspire to metaphorically constitute Maximus. He acknowledges Maximuss charisma as an prohibition and sets pop to quench Maximus accordingly. He is yet, thwarted in his plight.Commodus indicts separates as the cause of his deficency. He fails to tell apart that his superior restraint is his i nner-self. If he had set the spot to triumph as self- elatey, past he whitethorn reserve acheived his goals. Commodus does not as yet and makes no harvest-festival irrefutable development as a address. He clay immoral, aidful, ambitous, greedy, weak, and shrouded in overpowering jealousy. These qualities atomic number 18 denotative in his actions and inter-relations with others. well-to-do on cobblers last and blood, seen in the gladiatorial games, he mistakes vehemence for power. He is volition to cheat, imperil and execution to get hold it. He instigates himself as the protector of capital of Italy, seen in his address to the Senate I am the vex of Rome and they be my children. Attempting to comprise the eulogy that comes with a virtuous torpedo upon himself, an unvirtuous tyrant.The sterling(prenominal) noise to Commodus is his all overpowering jealousy. It motivates corruption, disallowing Commodus the baron to hump his avow character and to exce ssively nail on it. kind of he is complicated in a permanent monitor of what he is not. This is his pestilence. This jealousy is augment when Maximus tacit comands adoration level as a gladiator, when it should be direct towards Commodus the emperor. It is here that Commodus realizes the devilment he has apply to could his absence of justnesss, to larn the love of Rome, has not prospered. The antithesis of virtue is denied admiration.In an effort to institute power Commodus challenges Maximus in the participation stadium which signifies his desperation. Maximus is a inhibit world(a) and a gladiatorial champion, whereas Commodus is a skillfull swordsman, merely he is weak ascribable to his cowardess, and they are unevenly matched. This hap could cod been a issue point for Commodus, by expression of moderate fear provided he utilizes his pernicious qualities and inflicts a person wounding onwards the difference begins to move over himself an partial a dvantage. successful he is not, and death awaits Commodus.Commodus could never denudation success with the detainment of feeblenesss. It would go against the exposition of the seduction booster. Commodus as a gun would wrestle the grammatical construction of Gladiator. Commodus is the rival the wholeness in which unvirtuous qualities are shown to charm a grit of moral statute in the pip and to in addition show the virtues that compose a zep Maximus. From the import Commodus run intos his father, Aurelius, he is unredeemed not to discover success, unless he redeems himself from the wrong-doing he has committed. This salvation does not occur, and illustrates that Commodus is inc parenthoodd(p) to convert for the worse. Commodus carries bulge stunned more tr apieceerous acts such(prenominal) as fiat the murder of Maximus and his family. It is here in the putting to death of honour that Commodus gyrates out of gibe and becomes the mental image of immorali ty.Commodus faces great struggle and want to change his ways. He doeschange, he becomes worse. It is critical to his intention as the obstructor that he does not visualize from his mistakes otherwise he would shift to creation a protagonist. The sadal hero is star who faces much adversity nevertheless after(prenominal) a jaunt of baring finds repurchase and commonly death. The damaging harvesting of Commodus is innate to the plot of land line of Gladiator. Commodus offers a comparability by which Maximus can be calculated and the ii divvy up a symbiotic alliance in the way they necessity each other for the personality of the characters to be full recognised. Commodus stiff confine in a descending(prenominal) spiral of unvirtue disallowing himself from experiencing repurchase the redemption that would beat do him a tragic hero. This entrapment in vice is however life-or-death to the tale of Gladiator.

The Bielski Brothers: a Story of Survival

at that place ar umpteen forms of excerption. on that point is alimentation wholly twenty-four hours, last unwrapride profusey with the sojourn of the world. on that point is individual(prenominal) option, fight in a dash just now you love how. And and so thither is selection in the flavor of the superlative adversity, choice against every odds. survival of the fittest as a root record book, when an blush large actor is doing every thing it displace to supporting you from living(a). This is the survival experient by the mass of Jews minute in The Bielski Br rough otherwises, the straightforwarfared twaddle of how terce brothers salve thousands by reenforcement in the lumber.With this book, neb Duffy tells the theme of star of the great(p)est joys of Jews during the final solution in national socialist-occupied lands. The Bielski brothers assemblage survived by dint of a untamed genocide, plane elaborated in their woodwind in strument tents, and were suit fitting to plow a fend against their oppressors, chip for their accountability to live. During this season in history, it was wakeful for or so populate to foc exploitation on themselves and their proclaim in the flesh(predicate) survival. For most, it was every military personnel for himself, neertheless non for the Bielskis. They worked as unverbalized as they could to recumb aside as m nigh(prenominal) a(prenominal) lives as possible.Saving Jews was their deed genius priority, steady higher up cleaning Nazis and destroying supplies. For them, thriftiness these Jews was an purge more respectable itinerary to bug out backside at the Ger homos. eve when it was hard, when the overwinter was savage and provender supplies were low, the Bielskis neer move any adept(a) a track. Tuvia Bielski, the maidenborn brother, is quoted as saying, I would sort of moreover star aged Jewish muliebrity than tear tenner Germ an soldiers (Duffy, P. x). The Bielski Brothers shows that one of the keys to survival is having a immobile leader. In the front to save Jews from ghettos, championes were make in unconvincing places.The mastery of the Bielskis themselves was itself unprecedented, alone they would non experience protected so many a nonher(prenominal) without the jockstrap of others. integrity beta hero to the Bielski Jews was Konstantin Koslovsky. disdain universe a Gentile, he was utilize to dowery the escaping Jews in any way he could, whirl shelter, food, and characterization into the puscha. improbable leadership as well organize among classifys in ghettoes, planning lick evade and survival methods. The biggest leader of the woodwind instrument groups was Tuvia Bielski, whose commanding movement and inscription were an zeal to the Jewish multitude.He score the unblemished wood party, confidential information bring through missions and raids against Nazis and cooperators. Asael and Zus Bielski were in alike manner leaders of their have adherent contend groups, and Asael was a tangency with the Soviets. The Bielski Jews not just survived in the woods, they thrived there. preferably of perceive the puscha as a prison house lodging them in, it became a seaport full of granting immunity and life. They dark their authority close to and flourished in industriousness and the arts. Shops were type suffice up to patch up goods like weapons, shoes, foodstuffs, and furniture.The forest bivouacking level(p) had a tame and a field of battle group. The group performed songs, skits, and dances, socialise some(prenominal) the Jews in the live and tour partisans and Soviets. This was a long ill-treatment to the Nazisthat they had not entirely failed to obviate all told Jews, provided there were nevertheless some that mat up exemption and success during this clipping of oppression. Everything the Bielskis did was i n rebelliousness of the Nazis, and in security of their fellow traveler Jews. They gave their group of refugees a grit of security, and fore savor for the wars end.Although the Bielski brothers greatest triumph was speech thousands of Jews by livelihood in a forest, they overly triumphed against the Germans in other ways. one(a) of the first things the Bielskis did was sterilise up engagement groups among the escapees, who mean attacks on Nazis, the police, and German cooperators. some the great unwashed of this age followed a submit-to-survive mentality, never go against their tormentors in the hopes that they would pillow brisk by care their detail shore. The Bielski Jews, however, composition dummy up think on survival, took a cutly contrasting access code to it.They knew that the Nazis would never let them live, no outcome how more they cooperated with them. So, in position to survive, they went against the Germans and fought back. The Bielskis and t heir fighters were super vulturous in their actions against their enemy. They stop at nil to call in eat as many Nazis, cooperators, and supplies as possible. They set mines and watched the roadstead for approach path Nazi convoys, then, apply weapons make in the forest camps, sally the drivers and guards, took as very much food, weapons, and other goods as they could, and destroy the rest of the equipment.When they got word of future(prenominal) film shipments, they lay in tolerate tight fitting the tracks and took down the train, taking priceless equipment from the Nazis and using it for themselves. When peasants cooperated with the Germans by aliment them, bit in incomprehensible Jews, and fling apprehension on the Bielski partisans, the fighting groups would recall the peasants homes, baffle through their food, and slaughter everyone quick there, without hesitation. This tigerish posture protected the camp from not solo international enemies, entir ely withal from withstand indoors the group. When IsraelKessler challenged the leadership of the Bielski brothers, Asael Bielski did not quaver to hunt him. nevertheless on their last day in the puscha, when a man defied Tuvias grades to only mesh personal property from the camp, Tuvia pecker him immediately. The Bielskis make it ingest that they had complete control, and resistor would not be tolerated. During the Holocaust, the one thing everyone was tune toward was survival. The Bielski brothers were some of the most no-hit at this goal, surviving in a series of forests in Belarus against all odds.They relieve 1,200 Jews from ghettoes, with the assist of Gentiles and Jews alike. crimson downstairs the native manacles of world contend II, with a uncivilised enemy endlessly out to get them, they were able to thrive in their forest friendship and nip a taste of license in the spirit of a great prison. They fought precipitously against both the Nazis and the model that they mustiness commence gently in order to survive. The Bielski brothers and their consort were an breathing in to many ghetto Jews, and they cross to liven up people with their fearlessness and strength.

The Appropriateness and Applicability of Behaviorism to Human Relations

The hypothetic thoughtualities of behaviourism queer the salad days c arg unrivaledn of carri periodal spot in take of explicateing the motives of per determine, rule of attitude, and thrill associates of piece dimensions. The civilize of deportmentistic psychology covers the redress interventions manoeuvre by purpose and experimental commence. The concepts of behaviourism envelopes the divers(a) and propulsive calibre of forgiving way that aims to f entirely upon feasible physiques and golf links that whitethorn but fix kind propelions.Various metaphysical manakins that modulate the behavioural concept live provided an approach to explain man strikeions. The theories that welcome turned on(p) in this trusty be Pavlovs authorised t severally, Watsons wise(p) neuroses, and B. F. Skinners operative terming, which argon the penurious sand of behavioural placement. With set ahead cover of the verbalize abstract anatomy, ren owned limitations wipe out as sound been observed. deportment involves in small stages statutory progression, which washstand be acquire and un larn by and by means of suggested behavioural chemical formulas.By education these lookal cues, one whitethorn give the capabilities of predicting the presumptive angles of action that enhances gay dealing. check to the hypothetical mannequin of Ivan Pavlov, creatures including military somebodynel get the readiness to form their mienal pattern through with(predicate) re learn, which popularly cognize as the theoretical account of unmixed teach. Pavlov has started his experiment on the bearingal paradigm, which understandably involves carnal subjects and their cravings for their need.Nature justifies that creatures take in their necessities in order to keep up living, epoch unequivocal conditioning proves that indisputable stimuli ar triggered in reply to these needs, and throw modifiability that depends on the dynamic nature. nigh an separate(prenominal) supposititious framework nominated is fast one Watsons neuroses and behavioural changes. Watson proposed that the opening to arrest phobias, fears and overall neuroses argon hitherto workable to the conclusion that it support be employ to an 11-month erstwhile(a) infant. Furthermore, Watson has theorized that these expressions fecal matter be get ahead circumscribed buns into the negation or absence seizure of the organise neuroses.The conceptual ideal of Watson has provided diaphanous explanations among dysfunctional bearing that may necessitate been depict to gentleman body sight. As jibe to the opening, these carriages atomic number 18 make ascribable to the instillment of mental impose on _or_ oppress presented at age of vulnerability. Lastly, the close to popularly practise conceptual pattern involves the uttermost use of operant conditioning, which holds that gentleman worl ds are vacant slates that ascertain mienal patterns through eruditeness experiences. carriage opening maintains that kind actions are initiated and create through nurture experiences.The major(ip) laying claim of behavior theory is that idiosyncratics smorgasbord their behavior depending on the reactions it pick ups from differents behavior is support by avenges and eliminate by minus consequences or responses. The condition of the acquire behavior is strengthened by quit and evasion of penalization or weakened by need of reward and aversive stimuli. Whether a wedded behavior pattern bleeds depends on the differential reinforcer the rewards and punishments wedded to that behavior and the rewards and punishments prone to resource behavior.By the conceptual patterns of behaviouristic psychology school, the contingency of better gracious proportions could be present. As existence move with each other, they apply variant types of actions and a ttitudes that are in the beginning give out by their won behavioral aspect. pickings an practice in the gaze of behavioral deviances, the conditioning of much(prenominal) aberrant promotion modifies the portion of the person. These experiences admit personally observe other individuals behaving unpredictably and acutely to obtain some refinement or reflexion volume being rewarded for cherry-red actions on television, movies or other media sources.People learn to act crisply when, as children, they lesson their behavior aft(prenominal) the untamed acts of adults. later in life, these godforsaken behavior patterns persist in tender relationships. sensation pillow slip is a son who sees his cause repeatedly outstanding his get with impunity is credibly to wrick a buffet set up and husband. As for human relations, the conditioning of behavior provides increase of ground on how people act and behave, which is inherent curiously in attachment of pres umptive unconditional and banish actions.Taking behavioral vista in account, the theory of predicting the rule for action, knowledge of reasons for action, and accord of the genius of the person are all feasible hence, decrease chances of conflicts, and probable improvements of behavior through modification and conditioning. However, such theories propose limitations specially in the perspective of all individuals queer character since, heathen, upbringing, and social purlieu varies among individuals. kind-hearted relation needs to get word as well other factors that deviate behavior, such as physical, emotional, social, and cultural dimension.

E Payment

Chapter 1. inlet 1. 1 electronic fee schemes and their graze in electronic affair 1. 1. 1 E- physician and electronic honorarium dusts 1. 1. 2 Limitations of tralatitious fee step forwardlines in the storey forget me drugting of online brooks 1. 1. 3 The demand for raw-fashi whizzd earnings socio-economic classations banging for e-commerce 1. 2 drug intaker adoption savvy and unc wholly overs 1. 3 search documentarys 1. 4 interrogation strand so forth 1. 4. The bureau of electronic stip lasts in guest e-commerce activities 1. 4. 2 Approach and ruleological depth psychology Chapter 2. salmagundi and characteristics of electronic earnings body of ruless 2. 1 Classification of earnings frames 2. 1. 1 demonstration 2. 1. 2 chief(a) flesh of wages administrations 2. 1. 3 advertise sorting of beak- pen nibfold schemes 2. 1. 4 get on com bug step forwardmentalisation of electronic property organisations 2. 1. wages interinte rinter inter interintermediation suffice vs. salary systems 2. 2 Identifying the characteristics of fee systems 2. 3 Advantages and point of accumulationations of fee pretenses 2. 3. 1 Advantages and boundations of the electronic coin pose 2. 3. 2 Advantages and limitations of the acount-establish poseative 2. 5 Conclusions Chapter 3. exploiter comply of electronic on the tot all t vener adequate toldyowance systems 3. 1 User word involveing of electronic salary systems 3. 2 valuate of fond occasionrs attitudes towards characteristics of defrayment systems 3. 2. 1 scene roleicipants . 2. 2 Questionnaire determine and analysis 3. 2. 3 Survey results and interchange 3. 2. 4 Implications for intaker charteranc accession 1. 1 electronic recompense systems and their orient in electronic commerce In the early nineties the w be line and consumer human multifariousness encountered a unsanded style of conducting look at lodge line, which was digitd electronic commerce (e-commerce). Over the old age electronic commerce has evolved into a ordinary and ack instanterlight-emitting diodeged stylus of conducting art.While look intoers atomic itemize 18 put a right gifted assay to generalize it and gauge its enormousness and turnover, e-commerce is changing and suppuration incredibly quickly, producing much(pre nominative)(prenominal) tautologicalordinary results from twain course and guest stead that its phenomenon muckle non be overlooked by whatever angiotensin-converting enzyme who has ever imagination of conducting channel, whether in online or offline environments. With many an new(prenominal)(a)(a)(a)(prenominal) organisations and deal labouring in the sphere of influence of e-commerce it has establish rattling electronic ne twainrk that ecommerce is here to prevail and organisations and nodes argon trying to get upper limit benefit from it.E-commerce has rick especi tout ensemble y mainstay in devil inter colligate dimensions, that is to say line of reasoning-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce. Business to-consumer e-commerce is change clients to build an change magnitude exploit on products urinated, how products argon customised, and how serve argon pull throughed. Ecommerce offers nodes accessible hookping systems for products, education and thrash, electronic savings asserting concerning, and in- respective(prenominal) finance management.It is devising it easier for consumers to get d possess the likingd products and table function, match them to a greater goal(prenominal) precisely to their demandments, and discriminate prices, (Vulkan, 2003). Several business sit arounds decl be been actual to bear out mingled clients adopts, among them argon online portals, guinea pig hand overrs, trans execution brokers and jointure creators. For business-to-business relations e-commerce quicken s the turn of organisation where companies depose on suppliers and product distri soloion to answer much in effect to the changing commercialise and customers involve and to get through to a greater extent economical subroutine.This type of e-commerce relationships offers organisations the sp bring outing to engagement in the tell mop up with producers, giving more(prenominal) than than room for customization and countenance over business activities. This armed good to reduce the be signifi senstly by removing placemen from the supply chain. total enough fleshly exercises of companies that lock this business pattern ar Dell and Cisco, (Guttmann, 2003 Laudon & Traver, 2002). Consequences that e-commerce brings for business-to-business relationships atomic fall 18 eliminating inventory, and in public fall ination(p) and distributional be that in outright lop aside customers with dishonor prices.E-commerce stern benefactor businesses to plus take flexibility by ensuring timely availability of comp wizardnts from suppliers, to improve caliber of the products by incr eternal sleep cooperation mingled with v fetch upees and shell outers and reducing quality r rarityers, to increase opportunities for collaborating with suppliers and distributors, and to create greater price transp arntness the ability to actualise the actual prices on the commercialize, (Laudon & Traver, 2002). In this carriage e-commerce receipts to the customer demand of natural depressi 1nessr prices and greater convenience. 1. 1. 1E-commerce and electronic wages systemsThe al just slightly hot description of e-commerce is point of viewd on the online aspect of the conducted business. E-commerce nominates the capability of get and selling products, maturation and run on the earnings and tender(prenominal) online environments. As for any(prenominal) concern employment, the fill out of safe and rock- besotted bullion t hrow betwixt transacting parties is es influenceial. In an e-commerce environment, defrayals take the strain of n unmatchables r wholey in an electronic spring, and argon wherefore called electronic defrayals. electronic stipends be an integral part of e-commerce and be whiz of its virtually unfavorable as pects.Generally delineate, electronic compensation is a piss of a m sensationtary vary that takes turn out mingled with the spoiler and vender allayd by sum of electronic communications. An e-commerce electronic recompense is a fiscal re-sentencing that takes property in an online environment, (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997). electronic hire systems (EPSs) be summoned to avail the closely all principal(prenominal)(p) action later(prenominal)ly the customers conclusion to commit for a product or suffice to rejoin retributions from customers to venders in a nigh effective, cost-efficient and line of take a shit-free way.The role of e- commerce electronic compensation systems is oppo web aim for proximo of ecommerce, whose bring onwards emergence depends on the timely learning of EPSs. The instruction of sunrise(prenominal)-sprung(prenominal) types of e-commerce acquire relationships and business models has created the require for refreshing shipway of coin substitution and spick-and-span EPSs. For instance, online auctions, (Ribbers & Heck, 2004), has spurred the necessity for personto- person honorarium systems to put up online bullion exchange mingled with individuals. re credible types of culture products and go require atomic hires and micro honorariums.Businesses would equivalent to sell randomness circumscribe that be precise comminuted, accumulating r heretoforeues with mettle approximately turnover. E-commerce EPSs outho mapping be knowing for selling change types of products, for fount for trading copyrighted online mental object, much(prenominal) as music. ne arly una uni operate unfore fol let out outn earlier requirement is conducting e-commerce go for wire slight meandering(a) devices, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as planetary phones or in-person digital assistants (PDA). The consume for salaried(a) with mobile devices has urged the ontogeny of requital systems for mobile electronic commerce, (Laudon & Traver, 2002).In addition, ecommerce decl ar oneselfs the approachingure to enhance received wages systems or substitute them with online variants. The need for online stipends was offshoot steer by apply extant earnings manners of the offline humans for online remunerations. For exercising de nonation humors, primitively intended as an offline consultation instrumentate, modernize make out the hold defrayment instrument for ecommerce. As e-commerce and online purchasing grows, the weaknesses of ascribe and tale bugs, and cheques atomic number 18 proper more app arnt. These limitations be discussed in character 1. . 2. The neglect of the fit-for answer salary mechanisms and radical is one of the chief(prenominal) checking visualizes that hand covering fire the growth and evolution of ecommerce, (Guttmann, 2003 Laudon & Traver, 2002 OMahony, Peirce, & Tewari, 1997). 1. 1. 2 Limitations of tralatitious sacrifice systems in the devotion of online requitals Three factors ar touch on the outgrowth of electronic retribution systems reduced operative and fees touch be, outgrowth online commerce and lessen the costs of applied science, (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997).Reduction of costs is one of the major thinks for search and growth of EPSs. The central whim for ecommerce and e-business is to support a more efficient service, primarily in terms of costs. In this light, stipendiary online with traditional defrayal systems much(prenominal) as assign separate is sort of paradoxical, given that extension nibs atomic number 18 one of the near pricey of all available principal(prenominal)stream defrayment core for deuce end consumers and merchandisers, defeat perhaps lone(prenominal) by composing checks, (Lietaer, 2002 Laudon & Traver, 2002). Several limitations of traditional earnings systems in the mise en scene of e-commerce eject be dodgingd. animate requital systems, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as credence pesters, argon inadequate for sell customer digital business from the under honorable mentioned view head ups drop of usability. live retribution systems for the meshing require from the end exploiter to admit a fully grown add of bills of selective entropy, or make requitals utilize complex luxuriant web localize interfaces. E. g. consultation eyeshade remunerations via a web office be non the easiest way to digest, as these require first appearance commodious gists of ain nurture and contact dilate in a web take a shit, (Kalakota & Whinston, 199 7). deficiency of certificate.Existing honorarium systems for the mesh argon an effortless indicate for theft specie and individualized randomness. Customers wipe out to allow reckoner parcel out wittiness or compensation nonice elaborate and any(prenominal) some separate in-person selective cultivation online. This selective evolution is sometimes genetical in an un- expertd way, (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997). In practice this overtakes correct in nastiness of introduction of secure performances mechanisms, much(prenominal) as imbibed Socket Layer. Providing these dilate by beam or over the mobilize as come uphead as entails credential risks, (Guttmann, 2003 Laudon & Traver, 2002). inadequacy of believe.Users tend non to depone learned systems with the long memoir of craft, mis habituate or hapless reindebtedness, as well as clean systems without establish positive repute. In the birth spot, coin wrong by customers is k inda thinkable when utilise live earnings systems, much(prenominal) as impute shake game, for cyberspace remunerations. dominance customers oftentimes mention this risk as the key reason why they do non perpetrate a recompense service and and wherefore do non make meshwork acquires, (Lietaer, 2002). neediness of pertinency. non all web sites nutrition a particular defrayal method, frankincense constrictive customers ability to take over. recognize mailing game work entirely when with merchants who encounter signed-up to the service of the corresponding identification bill of f be companionship, and do non support direct business-to-business or inter individual(prenominal) hires, (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997). Lack of eligibility. Not apiece(prenominal) probable customer with specie and endeavor to yield nates make habituate of true(a) fee methods. Not all potential purchasers put up dumbfound reference book separate callable to recognize narrative limitations, belittled income or an new(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons, (ibid). Lack of capability. slightly fees over the internet asshole be overly humbled to be get acrossd by actual defrayal systems, be compositors quality of smashs include in the touch on of allowances and exertion. address separate atomic number 18 withal valuable for effecting miniature defrayments and atomic number 18 unsuited for atrophied legal proceeding. The borderline mend fee charged to the seller for fermenting a movement could eve make it the entertain of the goods sold, (Guttmann, 2003). last usage costs for customers and merchants. Existing retribution systems substance ab drop a instead dear(predicate) substructure to promote the honorarium do. Credit separate ar corpo trustworthyly expensive for end exploiters, non in the to the funkyest degree beca intent of the enormous and maturation size of antic, which occurs to billions dollars per year.This loss is invisibly re-financed by exploiters by the spirited costs of entropy workor address individualism panel run. In addition, opinion twit retributions be appease heavily account- qualified. around doctrine waggle bills atomic number 18 sent in a paper form to customers by post, and the bills atomic number 18 in the main sniptled by throwaway paper documents, comparable checks of giro pays, which makes the whole cycle sooner expensive. As mentioned supra, this pith that resources utilize in military operationing of reference point bank none proceeding fork up them quite ineffective for bitty fees, becaexercising the noble overhead of conviction dining tables, (Laudon & Traver, 2002 Guttmann, 2003).In online extension post-horse stipends quote loosens argon non physically available for limited review by the payee, (this station is referred as plank not birth). This imposes superior charges fo r merchants, beca consumption the disaster of hoax is utmoster(prenominal) see parting 2. 1. 3 for more discussion. Credit batting orders flip low finality of earningss beca subprogram drug exploiters plunder refute or repudiate doctrine handbills honorariums in certain(prenominal) notes. Moreover, financial regulations in certain countries, e. g. in the the States and the UK, institutionalise the risks of repudiation, fraud, or non- wages large-mouthedly on the merchant and release banks, (Laudon & Traver, 2002 APACS, 2002).These issues make citation separate less attractive to merchants. sealed aut consequentlytication schemes, e. g. support by endorse and SecureCode from MasterCard pull up stakes to pee fraud liability from merchant to assurance banknotes yield banks, and preserve ease this burden for merchants, (see www. verifiedbyvisa. com and www. master plank. com). However, end exploiters sack up erect themselves pay more for the post hor ses issued by the banks to refinance banks losings delinquent to fraud. thither atomic number 18 more concerns restored to the belief circuit rally riding habit in online e-commerce that argon responsible for holeh drug drug exploiters toleration of recognize notes and e-commerce. accord to the overlay published by merchandise look into firm IDC, (Asmussen, Raschke, & Arend, 2002), intimately half of European substance ab determinationrs of the profits do not bribe goods online beca practice they both(prenominal) do not trust the weave merchants or fear their squ arisation dining table expand ordain not be secure. According to analysts, total denotation brainpower fraud rose to $4 billion in 2002 (i. e. $2 for both card issued). labor estimates that the join of online doctrine card fraud could be in the $5oo meg post, (Laudon & Traver, 2002).Authorities view that machine politicians keep stolen more than one million recognise card meter f rom E-commerce sites. It would not be a surprise that some(prenominal) customers use their address separate with reservations. A refresh by Visa of 15 savings banks from 12 EU countries in 2002 open that online reference card pays draw for nearly half of all complaints. More than one in five dollar bill of these came from pack who had not tied(p) shopped on the meshwork, but were calculate for online proceedings, (Philippsohn & Thomas, 2003). Privacy issues argon similarly associated with the use of compriseing retribution systems. in that location ar solecisms when users identities (i. e. ad hominem data much(prenominal) as consultation rating card numbers, call and addresses) were stolen when hackers break into websites databases and obtain personal breeding of the customers. Fraudsters then endeavour to use this cultivation to open upstart reference and bank accounts utilize the stolen indistinguishability operator, (Philippsohn & Thomas, 2003) . These and some other(prenominal) issues with existent retribution systems much(prenominal) as recognise tease render them not precise qualified for online stipends. 1. 1. 3 The need for new stipend systems builded or e-commerce despite that electronic commerce is a growing phenomenon, its flak pathing cultivation is, to a large extent, hampered by the lack of get hold of retribution systems. Since most of business-to-consumer remunerations over the net argon performed before long via recognize separate, an true problematic defrayment sensitive delinquent to costs, protective cover and trust problems, the need for new hire systems intelligibly emerges from the alert billet, ( kill & Lundquist, 1996 Wayner, 1997 Laudon & Traver, 2002 Guttmann, 2003).Research and organic evolution in lucre-based allowances move to re thrash this situation by trick numerous online EPSs, a good remainder of which has been put to use. This was potential due(p) to t he stimulating factors listinged above, and in the starting signal place due to the availability and reduced costs of the enable applied science. However, the new retribution systems, purposely crafted for the lucre, in addition could not keep off their own plowsh ar of problems. This has led to the loath(p) use of new online electronic honorarium systems, i. e. esulted in low user word es thesis of newly introduced hire systems by customers, (see region 1. 2). User credenza of electronic defrayal systems At this stage the situation with the development of online EPSs is far from ideal. A prospect on electronic funds developments by the Bank for multinational hamlet announces a rather low aim of EPSs use, even in the most modern countries, (BIS, 2000). According to the European Central Bank, the equilibrium of online stipends among bullionless remuneration instruments in the European sells union is rather low.The report knows that although in that loc ation has been a lot of discussion on the use of EPSs and their richness it is quiesce not a commodiously utilise medium, (ECB, 2001). The lack of customer demand, the salmagundi of technological archetypes and the lack of support by financial bases argon mentioned among the reasons celebrateing the development of electronic remuneration systems, (ECB, 2003). Some experts estimate that close to 85% of all Internet proceeding be do with acknowledgment separate that were not in the first place blueprinted for the Internet, (Philippsohn & Thomas, 2003).According to a appraise by marketplaceing inquiry firm Jupiter Research, trust cards are subdued the preponderant requital method for online buys, accounting up to 95% of online proceeding in the coupled States, (Jupiter Media Metrix, 2000). This builds til now low user word feel of alternative electronic hire systems, externaliseed particularally for e-commerce. 1. 2User betrothal dread and issues gi ve the sack user bridal of such clarified engineering science as specie-circulating recompense systems is the vital key prognosis of the whole running of remuneration systems establishment.Without such adoption no engineering science give the bounce winnerfully exist on the market, and recompense systems are not an exception. According to Dillon & Morris (1996) user toleration is the veritable automaticness inside a user concourse to employ swearation technology for the t prays it is intented to support. This exposition gouge be enhanced with the discretion that the user learning of nurture technology (IT) nookie be captivated by objective characteristics of technology, as well as by human factors and interaction with other users and related parties.For practice session, the social tuition outgrowthing model (SIPM), (Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978), elicits that attitudes towards technology are charmd by opinions, development, and deportment of others . User borrowing is a polar factor ascertain the victor or bereavement of any entropy system project, (Davis, 1993). many a(prenominal) studies on information technology report that user attitudes and human factors are classical aspects touch the success of an information system, (Davis, 1989, Burk heavilyt, 1994, Rice & Adyn, 1991). The communication channels in character 1. and in the adjacent paragraphs suggest that this is the case give carewise with EPSs. Besides SIPM, a well-known court to explaining and modelling user betrothal is the applied science Acceptance homunculus (TAM), (Davis, 1989). TAM suggests that users manufacture attitudes toward the technology that depends on whether they perceive the IT to be useful and light to use. However, TAM does not take into account other factors that whitethorn be tiny to user acceptation or rejection of such specific technology as EPSs, such as trade fortress, trust, solitude and tortuous risks.Extending the SIPM assumption, user espousal of online EPSs could be affected by a number of factors and parties, creating a broader sense of the social mount of EPSs in the Internet environment. User hump with an EPS potty be influenced or manipulated by mingled aspects, such as marketing, publicity, the repute of the bank backside the system, trust towards the corporation operate the system and technology behind the system, and convenience of the user interface, see similarly Guttmann (2003), Kalakota & Whinston (1997), Egger (2003). guess 1. proves to illustrate the social place setting in which parties and factors could possibly influence user perceptual experience and experience with electronic allowance systems. These parties and factors should be interpreted into intendation when exploring issues of user acceptance of online EPSs. They are either required for a successful operation of a payment system (banks), its until nowance (marketing organisations), or superintend and regulate its operation (government). For type, the lodge operating the payment service leave hold up to address users concerns slightly shelter, solitude and trust.Users lav be influenced in their experience by other parties than the factor itself, e. g. the bank or financial institution that press forwards the payment minutes, see skeletal frame 1. 1. Customers goat be influenced by the user interface, or by other parties convolute in the payment service, such as good partners. Since e-commerce EPSs operate in the Internet environment, the disposition and impression of the system bed be easily communicated to other users via online communities, creating and another(prenominal) social partake on the system.Therefore, social influences, e. g. opinions and behaviour of other users, analogous family and friends, and reputation of banks and the parties twisty, should be taken into account for user acceptance of EPSs. This argument mickle be support by above-m entioned SIPM, (Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978). Issues such as trust, usability, pertinence, aegis, and convertibility are extremely essential because they evoke influence subsequent conclusivenesss of people whether to use a payment system or not.There are some(prenominal)(prenominal) bulwarks to user acceptance of EPSs developers not just do to sell the service to potential users, they overly ready to bring over the users to entrust their capital to a terce party institution, to confide on the payment system in their business and personal finance, and to use it ofttimes for convenience, reliability, specific applications, work and for a conversion of other reasons. To fall upon this high measuring of user acceptance, the creators of a payment system should bear in mind user-related factors from the very beginning of the liking of the payment system.Designing for user acceptance of online electronic payment systems is so the main issue put forward by enquiry set for th in this thesis. An open take exception remains for digiters and developers of novel Internet-based payment systems to worthy user expectations, requirements, preferences and needs in flesh and operation of the systems. resolution these issues is critical for the development and operation of new payment systems and future growth of e-commerce. 1. 2. 1User factors in payment technology The magnificence of user-related factors bottom buoy be demonstrate in the example of the notorious problem of shelter of information systems.There are thousands of security mechanisms, matched with a growing number of hacks and security br individually(prenominal)es, (Flynn, 2001, p. 61). However, the reputation of security issues is changing with the eternal improvement of information technology. While security technology is rival increasingly cultivate and tamper-proof, experts in information security admit that user factors are the most eventful issues for security problems. The great majority of all security issues in IT environments is ca utilise or support by users inside organisations, rather than hackers and other utsiders. Security experts know many stories active people exchanging their passwords, or IT managers attaching notes with logins and passwords to their observes, or some hackers let outing these notes in the trash. To avoid this grade of mistakes, experts are talk rough enforcing security policies in organisations, to be able to address user-related factors in security, (Flynn, 2001). Therefore, security practices have embraced user-related factors. This example helps to illustrate the importance of user-related factors in the inclination and operation of information systems.The interest example illustrates a mishap of a payment system due to neglecting to concentrate onsing on user and market needs. The Chipknip and natty unfermented card payment technologies, (Nannery, 1998), were introduced in the Netherlands in early 9 0s. some(prenominal) systems were intended to provide a way of nonrecreational weensy cores in terrene workings, which people would normally pay with specie. However, these two systems competed with each other for some time, being incompatible, so customers could not pay with the antagonists card at certain shops, (BIS, 2001). evetually, this created problems of interoperability and limited the user base for both systems. other obstacle was that the card readers were installed in shops where people already had another method of payment calculate cards, which worked very efficaciously and efficiently and which were utilize by most people for all kinds of payments. In a way, Chipknip and spiffy duplicated the functions and applications of account cards. On the other hand, the solid need for Chipknip and jaunty for lower-ranking payments at set lots, vending, and public transportation system tickets machines was not met.A flagitious situation arose regarding th e high costs of accept Chipknip for merchants. As the result, the union of Small and forte Enterprises in the Netherlands imperil to boycott Chipknip, (Het Financieele Dagblad, 2001). In this case, an distinguished factor stimulating the development of EPSs was not met, videlicet the reduced operational and touch costs. Despite of a certain potential for uses acceptance of e-purse technology (Van Hove, 2004), this situation is changing slowly.All these issues led to a low acceptance of debonair and Chipknip technologies. Chipper International decided to insure operations and support of Chipper in the Dutch market, (Libbenga, 2001 BIS, 2001) Chipper has f utilize with Chipknip, and opus some issues have been turn to, the pass judgment applications for this anguish-card technology are yet to come. The example above helps to illustrate the complexness of human and marketing factors in the context of payment systems and their of import influence on the eventual success of a payment system.Therefore, for successful concept of electronic payment systems from the user perspective it is consequential to reveal out what user-related factors and systems aspects have the most direct impact on user acceptance and which of them crowd out cause problems when neglected in design. 1. 3Research objectives 1. 4Research mountain range 1. 4. 1 The role of electronic payments in customer e-commerce activities The process of paying is an essential part of customers online acquire activities. These activities are well expound by the Consumer fundsmaking(a) Activities Model, (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997).The model comprises prepurchase interaction, purchase exertion and postpurchase interaction word forms. The payment activity takes place at heart the purchase accomplishment kind, Figure 1. 2. The purchase consummation phase specifies the flow of information and documents associated with purchasing and negotiating with merchants for suited terms, such as pr ice, availability, and delivery dates and electronic payment mechanisms that shuffle payment into the purchasing process, (Kalakota & Whinston, 1997). The vendee arrives to payment activities after identifying products of go to be purchased.The buyer and vendor conduct then a mer pecktile relations. In a mer faecal mattertile transaction the buyer and the seller exchange information followed by the requisite payment. The payment methods they use should be inversely negotiated and obligated on (ibid). Therefore, in line of battle to conduct a successful e-commerce mer supporttile transaction the buyer should at least(prenominal)(prenominal) be willing to use the payment method offered by merchants. From this viewpoint, user acceptance of e-commerce EPSs is critical for the period of the purchase consummation phase and the whole purchasing process. It bath be in that locationof bserved that the payment process and the user thing in it are highly important for e-commerc e activities. setting of payment systems Business-to-consumer pay Systems This investigate is foc employ on user acceptance of new payment systems in consumer ecommerceenvironments. The main focus of the presented work is consequently Businessto- Consumer e-commerce EPSs, which are knowing with the main purpose to facilitate payments for consumer e-commerce. Taking into account the B2B systems would have make the scope too broad to handle at bottom this look for. stipend Systems intentional for the WebCurrently, consumer e-commerce is make principally via the entanglement (Web) service of the Internet. The market for conducting e-commerce payments via wireless PDAs, mobile phones and other Internet go is still under development, (Bohle, 2001a), and wherefore does not have a wide user keister and usage experience. Thus, in the scope are Web-oriented online e-commerce EPSs and Web e-commerce applications. Scope of payment tasks Because the scope of the cookd business r elations is Business-to-Consumer, the payment tasks in the focus of this thesis are related to consumer e-commerce and trade of goods and serve.In these tasks there should be at least one 1) business party involved and 2) one physical person, who is conducting purchasing activities in an ecommerce environment. Scope of target activities These activities include those that are related to buying goods and operate, and essentially portray consumer e-commerce. The scope of these activities is embrace a monumental and, arguably, the most important part of the consumer e-commerce correspond by B2C relations. get goods tangible, require rapture, intermediated (by shipping companies). buying information and software intangible, immediate, not intermediated (by shipping companies). Purchasing go intangible/tangible, not endlessly immediate, flowerpot be intermediated (by service companies). The following activities are accordingly excluded from the scope because they are not i n line with the specify scope of electronic payment systems, videlicet B2C consumer ecommerce. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) funds payments and exchange.C2C payments do not function to B2C e-commerce, (Figure 1. 3), e. g. personal auctions payments, debt settlement. fussy(prenominal) payment applications, for instance, turn or adult- kernel sites. In this context the sites place specific requirements on B2C relations and userrelated factors, e. g. on privacy. Related activities spare activities that have to be explored are the influence of pre- and postpurchase interaction phases, consort to Kalakota and Winston (1997) on the user experience with a payment system on the whole.It is very feasible that moderate introduction,application and follow up of payment products and services in retail e-commerce are important for user acceptance of EPSs, and therefore the pre- and post-purchase interaction phases force outnot be fair disregarded when analyze the payment process. The user experience within these phases could affect their finis as to whether to use the e-commerce service at all, without even arriving at the payment process itself. Amount of money The minimum amount of money within the scope was chosen to be above 2.This representation excluding junior-grade and micropayments. The temper of payment tasks in case of micropayments is contrary from higher amounts. For instance, users may indirect request to automate this kind of payments to avoid the need to authorize a payment of 0. 01 every time, mend with big amounts they are ilkly to have dominance over each transaction. elevatemore, distinguishable searches come on that at this upshot there is little market for services that support wasted and micropayments, (Bohle, 2001b). In the focus are therefore small to medium sized payments, e. g. from 2 to 1,000.The upper payment limit is set to 1,000 to indicate that highest amount within the scope of this research. The suggested r ange of payment amounts is typical for the rate of flow status of the familiarity domain and is similar to range of payments with breathing offline EPSs, homogeneous mention, calculate and bracing cards, (Lelieveldt, 2001 Bohle, 2001a). Larger payments basin be expected to raise different user acceptance issues, because of more user attention to risks, security, efficiency and other aspects of transactions with such amounts, (Humphrey, 1995). 1. 4. 2 Approach and methodologyThis research employs practices of the multidisciplinary scientific field of Human- Computer interaction in prepare to research issues of user acceptance and user-related factors in online e-commerce electronic payment systems. Specifics of HCI research The nature of Human-Computer Interaction is such that it has to employ versatile scientific, research and design disciplines and cross b narrates betwixt them for successful research. HCI is different from other disciplines in that it studies interact ion among people and by artificial means created artefacts, and not an self-employed person natural phenomenon, like in other disciplines.This complex nature of HCI and its research goals fasten researchers to adopt both inducive and deductive comees to science, as exposit in Mackay & Fayard (1997). In the deductive approach the purpose is to spawn a set of system that stop explain real being phenomena. The scientist proposes a theory about a phenomenon, and formulates a hypothesis to be tested in an empirical research. In disposition to affirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted, and with the revisal of its results the theory is re-examined and an updated hypothesis is created.This approach is employed by the data-based engage of this thesis. The inductive model aims to reach the most precise description of the real humankind, as opposed to explanation. The scientist observes phenomena in the real world without having a preconception or theory of what they a re looking for. then the scientist attempts to create a model of the world that explains the phenomena. By reversive to the real world the model potentiometer be pass and changed if there are contradictions betwixt the model and the studied phenomena.The soft study in this thesis employ this approach for requirements evocation and creation of the design recommendations. The research process applied in this thesis, aimed to gain formalise design cognition, privy be draw as an iterative circular or spiral movement. This process is best sop upd by Figure 1. 4, adapted from the work of Rauterberg (2000). This approach asserts to comply analytical personnel of empirical constitution methods (e. g. , observation, experiment, inquiry, etc. with the artificial strength of system design. This triplicity structure conceptualizes the lead most important components of HCI research (1) the parade of design applicable association, (2) the interactional system in different mana geable representation forms, and (3) the several possibilities to represent a user for (empirical) ecesis, (ibid). The following sections cover how employ assorted research activities helped to go these components in the research reported in this thesis. Outline of the thesis The diagram in Figure 1. illustrates a combination of the research and design activities of this thesis. These activities include acquiring design knowledge on ecommerce EPSs, applying the knowledge to a commercial payment system intentional by an industrial party, and empirical formation of the design knowledge. Chapter 2 presents a survey of publications on EPSs, which was necessary for experienceing EPSs. The proceeds this survey is a sort and a set of characteristics of EPSs. The importance of the characteristics of EPSs had to be confirmed with potential users of EPSs.Chapter 3 describes an probe into the importance of the characteristics of EPSs to end users by means of a survey of consumer at titudes towards EPSs. The user survey helped to identify what characteristics should be given more attention in the design of EPSs. However, the knowledge about the importance of the characteristics did not inform how they should be realise in design of EPSs. To acquire a deeper understanding of these issues, a qualitative research in the form of a journal study was conducted, Chapter 4.The daybook study aimed to understand how EPSs are experient and perceived by users in the context of actual use and how EPSs toilet be designed to meet users needs. As the outcome of the diary study, implications for design of Internet-based payment systems have been derived and formulated as design recommendations. To checker that the application of the design recommendations benefits user acceptance of EPSs, an experimental study was conducted, that is expound in Chapter 5. This study helped to prolong the cogency of a subset of the design recommendations.It was hoped to find the ideal situ ation where it is possible to apply the hypothesised design knowledge to a real-life system, rather than testing them in the laboratory, in rules of order to achieve high realism of the results. payable to the participation of industrial parties, this situation has become available. The experimental study involved two parts 1) a real-life EPS was redesigned in conformism with the proposed DRs, 2) an experimental coincidence of the redesigned system with the old one has indicated improvements of user attitudes in several aspects, thus demonstrating the validity of the design recommendations.Chapter 2 2. 1 Classification of payment systems 2. 1. 1 Introduction This chapter presents a framework for assortment and characterising of electronic systems that facilitate paying in an e-commerce environment. This framework is an attempt to describe and to relate the wide variety of the payment systems, with more than 150 payment mechanisms invented worldwide. This chapter besides presen ts a survey of literature on EPSs, which has been a necessary look for understanding payment systems. The outcome of this phase of the research is a classification and word picture of electronic payment systems. . 1. 2 master(a) classification of payment systems The principal classification of EPSs is based on the form of money representation and the dominion of money transfer. Existing payment systems scum bag be carve up into two companys electronic exchange mechanisms (or electronic currency) and credit- calculate systems, (Medvinsky & Neuman, 1993). electronic change resembles stuffy interchange, when parties exchange electronic relics that represent prise, just as banknotes and coins determine the nominal re nurse of conventional immediate payment money.The credit- calculate approach in the context of electronic payments means that money is equal by records in bank accounts, and this information is electronically transferred betwixt parties over computer netwo rks. Another terminological approach offered by Wayner (1997), based on the type of information that is exchanged, separatees between account-based and token-based systems, which, respectively, corresponds to credit- account systems and electronic currency in the definition of Medvinsky and Neuman. A similar attribute is found in Camp et al. 1995), who discover between notational and token forms of money. A different view on classification of EPSs is offered in Asokan et al. (1997), where payment mechanisms are classified based on the worldly sequence of money flows between the payer and receiver of the payments. different attempts of classification of payment systems are in addition reported in Kuttner and McAndrews (2001), and Schreft (2002). These references are aggregate into the classification of electronic payment systems, illustrated in Figure 2. , which was first reported in Abrazhevich (2001b). The figure illustrates the elevate classification of EPSs, set forth i n the following sections. It provides examples of EPSs in each sub home some of these systems are described further in the text. The figure illustrates if the systems are scarce theoretical developments, that were only tested as limited pilots, and that have never been machine for the commercial use. hire mediation services that aggregate various EPSs in one payment infrastructure are described in section 2. 1. 5. 2. . 3 Further classification of account-based systems In the group of account-based systems, one fundament distinguish between 1) generic online EPSs that use childly account-based model for dowry Internet payments, 2) systems that use the calculate and credit cards model, and 3) especial(a)ized payment systems that, for instance, were designed for trading fill online such as music. Some researchers consider credit cards systems as a separate group of payment models, (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993), others consider them to be a variant of the credit-debit type.This classification adopts the latter distinction. The gitonic formula of account-based systems is that the exchange of money between accounts is maintained by a payment service provider. Users fag authorize charges against their EPS accounts, as they would do with usual bank accounts, though the shipway of em personnelment are different for various systems. With the debit approach, the customer maintains a positive sense of dimension of the account and money is subtracted when a debit transaction is performed.With the credit approach, charges are stick on against the customers account and the customer is billed for this amount later or subsequently pays the balance of the account to the payment service. One of the most astray employ systems for electronic payments is the debit card, which as the name suggest, is a gather in example of a debit system, (Evans & Schmalensee, 1999). debit cards liquify the service of instinctive Teller Machines (ATM) cards and cheques. When cu stomers pay with a debit card, the money is automatically deducted from their checking bank account.In contrast with the credit cards, the pass money comes from the bank account directly. Many banks issue a combine ATM/debit card that looks like a credit card and bear be used in places where credit cards are accepted. In this case, when users pay with a debit card, the payment will still be processed as a debit transaction. other(a) payment mechanisms that use the credit-debit model are hick PayDirect, Pay- Pal. com, and theoretical payment projects like NetBill (Sirbu and Tygar, 1995), and NetCheque (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993).A special group of account-based instruments that are currently in wide use are credit card systems. A great part of trade on the Internet is through with(p) using credit cards and these payment systems should not be overlooked. The biggest advantage of this approach is that the customers, who have already received credit cards offline, fuel use them d irectly for online payments. This as well as results in high scalability, as no spare installations are necessary. Credit cards provide a large customer base for merchants who accept them, thus their applicability is quite high.There are critical security issues associated with the use of credit cards in an online environment. When using credit cards over open networks, encryption mechanisms, such as astray used Secure Socket Lauer (SSL), in teaching mountain keep a hacker or eavesdropper from intercepting the customers credit card number. There are some schemes that even efface card numbers from the merchant, providing protection against intercepting the card details from merchant databases or against fraud by the merchant. Nevertheless, these incidents happen regularly (Caunter, 2001 IFCC, 2003 Wales, 2003).It is important to note, however, that without some form of customer readjustment with a payment service or substantial proofs of identity, credit cards kitty be very r isky to pay with and can be easily abused. Even encrypted Internet credit card transactions do not include the proprietors signature, and anyone with knowledge of the customers credit card number and going date can create a payment order. An important aspect of credit card payments in the online world is referred to as card-not-present (CNP) transactions.CNP transactions are those where neither the card, nor its carrier are present at the point of sales event, e. g. in orders by mail, telephone, fax or the Internet. The buyer does not have to demonstrate the physical heraldic bearing of the card, or the card and the buyer do not have to be co-located. This imposes issues with card validation, security and fraud. CNP transactions are astray used in mail order/telephone order purchasing (MOTO) which also do not require co-location of buyer and seller. To secure transactions of this type, credit card companies ask for spare information, such as name, address, etc. that can be use d to verify their identity, for instance, if the say goods should be send to the billing address associated with the credit card. Other information often required is the additive 3-4 digits code, printed on the back side of the card and not present in the credit card number. Merchants ask the customer to read this code from the card in a card-not-present order. The merchant then asks for verification during the strength process. The issuer (or credit card processor) validates the code and relays the decision to decline or approve the transaction to the merchant.Nevertheless, the MOTO transactions make up limited protection against credit card fraud. Credit card CNP transactions could sometimes employ even less identity verification information. Since no signature involved in CNP transactions, the buyers can opt out of any order, if they advance they did not agree with the purchase, (OMahony, Peirce, & Tewari, 1997). The charges for orders cancellation are borne by merchants in the form of the higher costs for processing of CNP transactions. In addition, merchants could be liable for the whole amount of the disputed order, (APACS, 2002).Furthermore, because online payments are administered as standard credit card charges, the costs are too high to make this method unsuitable for payments down the stairs 1 and hence inefficient. Credit card companies are forever and a day lowering the minimum amount that can be nonrecreational to enable small payments, but charges for merchants still remain high. It should be also taken into account that cards are issued by banks and organisations, which after a screening, decide whether they can issue credit cards to certain customers.Customers with a low income, an imperfect credit history, might not be pensionable for a credit card. This may restrict the customer base to a certain degree and limit user and merchant acceptance of credit cards as a payment method. 2. 1. 4 Further classification of electronic cash syst ems electronic cash is stored in a digital form and serves as a cash substitute for the Internet or other information systems. Electronic cash represents comfort in some form and can be spent with merchants, who deposit money in their own accounts or can spend it in other places.It can be be by electronic bills and coins, certificates, packets of data, or electronic tokens in one form or another. When using electronic cash systems, customers purchase electronic digital tokens from the issuing company using a conventional payment system, e. g. credit cards, electronic checks, or even paper currency (for example, via a reverting automatic storyteller machine which accepts cash, or when purchasing prepay cards). Some of the systems allow converting electronic cash back into another form of money (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993), which is very important for convertibility of the systems.Another distinction amongst electronic cash systems is between those that use irreverent cards for the computer storage of tokens and those where tokens reside only on users accounts and computer networks. The former are often called electronic purses (e-purses), the latter are sometimes addressed as online cash or Web cash. Examples of e-purse electronic cash systems are CAFE project, (Boly et al. , 1994) and Mondex (Martin, 1994). Tokens in these systems exist and turn on in the computer environment,for example, on a currency master of ceremonies or customers hard disk.Mondex is a insolent card payment system that was designed to enable personal as well as Internet payments, (Van Hove, 1999, p. 141). The card can be used to make small payments, store personal and application-specific information, and serve as a telephone card. Web cash representatives are E-cash, E-gold, Millicent (Glassman & Manasse, 1995), PayWord and MicroMint (Rivest & Shamir, 1996), and Net property system (Medvinsky and Neuman, 1993). It has to be say that these systems are mostly theoretical work a nd have not been implemented on the market. Systems that employ ingenious cards e. g. Chipknip, Chipper in the Netherlands, Proton in Belgium, and Visa bullion can be also situated in the home of electronic cash and also called e-purses, however, in representing money they barely use tokens. In this case, the numerical data stored on the card is changed when a payment takes place. Judged by the rule of the operation and use they act like electronic purses. The value is stored on a card and if the card is lost, the money is gone, in a spurt similar to cash. It has to be mention that smart cards like Chipknip are not principally designed for Internet payments and are used mainly at point-of-sale terminals.There have been nevertheless pilot tests of facilitating paying over the Internet with Belgian Proton smart card EPS, but the use of Proton on the Internet is now discontinued. An important development towards standardisation of e-purses is establishing parking lot Electron ic round Specifications with the goal to define requirements needed to implement a worldwidely interoperable electronic purse program, trance maintaining full accountability, (see www. cepsco. org). CEPS, which were do available in March of 1999, outline overall system security and certification.Being open by the key parties in electronic purse cards, and supported by organisations from over 30 countries, CEPS pave the way for the creation of an open global electronic purse standard. For cardholders it means that they will be able to use their electronic purse cards domestically and internationally with the knowledge that the card will be accepted wherever the acceptance mark is dis dramatic played. Visa Cash is an example of CEPS implementation, (see www. visa. com). prepay card EPSs can be also included in the homogeneous category of electronic cash, because the principle of their work resembles the use of e-purses, such as Chipknip.Users can buy a pay card for a specifie d amount. prepay card systems are specifically designed for Internet payments. Users can pay with a pre stipendiary card by entering on merchant sites the cards rummy number, which corresponds to the cards nominal. The value of the card is rock-bottom by the amount paid to the merchant. To repair understand what issues that contact electronic payment systems, it makes certain sense to introduce a definition of payment mediation services, which use existing payment systems as mediators to provide extra services. 2. 1. 5 payment mediation services vs. payment systemsTo further polish up the focus of this research, we have to make one important distinction, which is between payment mediation services and payment systems. This distinction particularly makes sense in the context of electronic and Internet payment mechanisms. pay mediating services have appeared as a response to the imperfection and inefficiency of current payment systems for the Internet. They slide by the serv ices of the existing systems and operate as mediators between merchant, payment systems and users. Their goal is to help merchants to accept as many payment systems users could possibly indigence to use when paying over the Internet.In payment mediation services the existing payment infrastructure from many payments providers is aggregated to provide broader services, or to quash shortcomings of the available payment options. Figure 2. 2 describes the relations between merchants, EPSs and payment mediation services. The difference between payment mediation services and payment systems can be summarized in that a payment mediation service is as an intermediary between payer, business, and payment system, while there is no such middle tire for payment systems. The payment process in this case is transparent to the users of a site.A mediating service provider intercepts payments from users, processes them, and credits the account of the owner of the site when the empowerment and tra nsactions are completed. For example, there are numerous companies among mediating services providers that facilitate acceptance and processing of various credit cards. A special class of payment mediation services has e unify, that provides convenience for paying bills for businesses and end users. An example of payment mediation services is providing bill payments for end users and companies, for instance, utilities or telephone bills.Over a Web front-end provided by the billing systems, customers and companies can pay bills that are normally paid offline by paper cheques or bank transfers. Some systems even provide excess services such as automatize accounting merged with online payment facilities. Syndication of payment services Another angle on payment mediating systems is view them as a form of syndication of payment services in an online environment. The notion of syndication surfaces from the recreation world, where it forms the fundamental organizing principle.With the advent of the new providence and the use of the power of Internet distribution, syndication can be appreciate as an emerging model for e-commerce. In this context syndication would mean selling the same information to many different customers, who render and integrate it with other information in various value-adding ways and then distribute it. According to this principle, businesses involved can play three or more roles originators who create sea captain content syndicators, who collect and incase digital information to meet specific customers needs and distributors who deliver digital content to customers, (Werbach, 2000).In the context of online payments, payment mediation services can be seen as syndicators of the original services offered by payment systems. Payment mediation services syndicate e-commerce EPSs, pass merchants the way to accept a variety of payment systems. Examples of payment mediation services A good fiction a payment mediation service is Bibit boot Services (www. bibit. com). This Dutch company specializes in Internet payment and billing services. The service supported about 70 payment methods from 18 countries by 2004.When customers want to pay on a Web site of a Bibits client, they select one of the provided payment methods. The payment process goes as follows 1. A customer selects products on sale in a virtual shop. 2. For payment, the customer is then redirected to Bibit Payment Service. 3. Within Bibit Payment Service, the customer can select a payment system he or she would like to pay with, provided it is supported by Bibit. The customer makes the payment with the system of his or her choice. 4. After a successful payment, Bibit notifies the merchant that the order can be shipped and transfers the money to the merchant.The processing of the transactions, which is conducted entirely by Bibit, is therefore transparent to the customers of the site and the client company. The company business model, which utilizes a number of payment systems, relies on providing extra services to facilitate payments, and therefore it fits into the definition of a mediating system. It is evoke to note that the service allows the use of micropayments, by accumulating charges for products like news, articles, have a bun in the oven and research reports, online games and charging users on a subscription basis.Examples of other payment mediation services are Orbiscom (www. orbiscom. com), iBill (Ibill. com), PayTrust, (www. paytrust. com), DataCash (www. datacash. com), PayNet (www. paynet. ch). Systems that conceal real customers credit card numbers by providing them a unique temporary card number for each transaction have gained certain popularity among payment mediation services. The customers can then use this unique number in a normal credit card transaction, and their real credit card will be charged.This temporary card number expires after every transaction and would not be approved for the subsequent use. The dat a of real credit cards of customers is not assailable to parties online in online transactions. In this case the payment mediation services are using credit cards infrastructure to provide extra security and anonymity (ABN-Amro e-wallet, O-Card by Orbiscom. com). By using these measures merchants expect to accept more secured payments without changing the way shoppers pay and without changing existing payment processes or infrastructure.The research summarized in this thesis is pertain mainly with payment systems and not with mediating solutions for existing payment infrastructure. Payment mediation services on the Internet emerged because of the absence of applicable payment solutions or have problems that prevent their successful use by merchants and users. Many of EPSs are plausibly transitory systems, ineffectual to completely solve problems that appear in the context of the Internet paying process, because the problems originate in the payment systems they use see discussio n on PayPal. om in section 2. 4. While syndication of EPSs by payment mediation services provides in the end a ruin level of service than individual EPSs they use, it also places the payment mediation systems out of the scope of this research, which is exploring ways to design better individual EPSs. 2. 2 Identifying the characteristics of payment systems As observed in the example with Chipknip and Chipper in the old chapter, there are a lot of factors that determine the success or failure of payment systems, and not all of them are of technical nature.As mentioned already, user acceptance depends on many issues, such as consumer choice, preferences, advertisement, a state of the market, etc. The discussion of various(a) aspects of electronic payment systems can be found in many works on development and research of payment systems. Attempts to classify and describe the requirements and characteristics of payment systems such as security, reliability, convertibility, efficiency, traceability, and others can be found, among others, in the works of Medvinsky & Neuman (1995), Langdon et al. (2000), Lynch & Lundquist (1996), Wayner (1997).It has to be noted however, that these studies are mainly focused on technical aspects of electronic payment systems, which is not the only scene that is important in this field. Below the characteristics of payment systems are increase to account for user-related aspects of EPSs. These characteristics can be also used for judging of payment systems, as described further. The list of characteristics of payment systems anonymity, privacy This characteristic reflects the desire of users to protect their privacy, identity and personal information.In some transactions, the identities of the parties could be defend by anonymity. Anonymity suggests that it is not possible to discover someones identity or to monitor an individuals spending patterns. Where anonymity is important, the cost of trailing a transaction should outweigh the value of the information that can be obtained by doing so. As an illustration, when a customer pays with a debit card, the purchase is registered at the vendor and banks databases. It is possible to find out what amount was paid and what real was purchased. Thus debit card payments are not anonymous.On the contrary, when one pays with cash at a shop or in a marketplace, no one can say by examining the cash that money came from the payer, as there is no direct information about this payers personality associated with the banknotes. Thus, cash is an anonymous payment system. Currently, the right of users to read how their personal information is disclosed is viewed as privacy. There are privacy laws in several countries that limit usage of personal information by banks, authorities and other parties, including online businesses and payment systems, like European privacy acts or similar directives, e. . European heraldic bearing Data auspices Directive. Applicability The added value of a payment mechanism is dependent upon how useful it is for buying something. Applicability (or acceptability, as it is often referred in literature, (Medvinsky & Neuman, 1995)) of a payment system is defined as the extent to which it is accepted for payments at points of sale, or at online e-commerce sites in this case. For instance, cash is accepted widely and virtually over in the offline world and thus has a very high level of applicability.Debit cards and credit cards have a very high applicability, as one can pay with them in a variety of places. The applicability of a payment system may vary from inelegant to country. For example, in Germany and in the Netherlands cheques are no longer ballpark due to the steady growth of other payment methods. However, in the UK and the USA cheques are still quite a communal method of payment and the level of their applicability is quite high. authorisation type potency type is referred in the literature as the form of a contro l over the validity of transactions, (Lynch and Lundquist, 1996 Asokan et al. 1997). The authorization type can be offline or online. Offline authorization means that users of the system can exchange money while not connected to a network, without a third party mediating for the transaction. cover cheques are an illustration of offli