Population environment debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Population environment debate - Essay Example Several researchers and theorists believe that the resources provided by the natural environment are decreasing and measures need to take place to counter the constant increase in population. Julian Lincoln Simon is against this notion and believes that resources are not becoming scarce and are being generated in abundance (Simon 578) . She believes that the increase in prices of resources provides individuals such as farmers and manufacturers to produce more and to create new discoveries and participate in the act of recycling which results in the creation of substitute goods. This means that resources are not becoming scarce; instead they are being replaced with substitutes which counter the issue of shortage created due to increase in population. Researchers such as Ben Wattenberg state that population growth has negatively impacted the environment but now the growth rate is declining and will eventually come to an end (Wattenberg, 2012). Due to this he believes that the problem of shortage of environmental resources will be countered and there will be enough resources for human beings. According to him the population growth of certain developed nations such as Europe has come to a stand still and the population growth of areas such as Asian nations have declined drastically. In response to Wattenberg, Kenneth Hill states that although population growth rate has declined, still the boom in population is not over and will continue to rise (Slate Magazine, 2012). Hill points out various issues in calculating the population rate and points out that several people are not even counted among the population of a nation. Hill sates that problems such as increase in rate of immigration and decrease in the rate of infant mortality an d increase in the number of old aged people is an alarming point for US. One of the major elements in the debate of population and environment is that those

Computer Technician Essay Example for Free

Computer Technician Essay Memory: Your memory does not store everything forever. The computer memory refers to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital information. The computer data storage provides one of the core functions of a computer that of information retention. How a Computer Remembers: A computer has two memories, called RAM and ROM. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It carries the information. The computer needs to carry out, it’s task, and it cannot be altered. It stays there even when the computer switch off. RAM stands for Random Access Memory or Read and Write Memory. This contains the information the computer needs to carry out the particular task you want. When you switch off the computer, RAM empties itself. You can save your work on CD-ROM, DVD ROM Disk, Floppy Disk, Flash Drives, etc. Storing Information: Each memory cells stores binary digits. It is easy to see that the size of computers RAM is important because the computer can only do the amount of work that it has room for. Computer Memory Memory Imagine that you are going to the park to play with your friends. You know the way because you have been there before. The route is stored in your memory. On the way, you meet someone and stop for a chat. If it’s not about anything important, you will probably soon forget. Your memory does not store everything forever. The computer memory refers to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital information used for computing for some interval of time. The computer data storage provides one of the core functions of a computer, that of information retention. How a Computer Remembers A computer’s memory works in similar way. There are some pieces of information that need to be stored away. Others can be forgotten once the computer has worked on them. To separate the two types of information, a computer has two memories called ROM and RAM. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. ROM carries the information the computer needs to carry out its task. This information is built into the computer and cannot be altered. It stays there even when the computer is switched off, just as your memory of how to get to the park stays with you until you need it again. RAM stands for Random Access Memory, or read and write memory. This contains the information the computer needs to carry out the particular task you want it to do now. When you switch off the computer, RAM empties itself. You can save your work on CD-ROM. DVD ROM disks, floppy disks, flash drives, etc. Storing Information ROM and RAM are both made up of memory cells, Each memory cell stores binary digits. A chip may be able to store millions of bits. It is easy to see that the size of the computer’s RAM is important because RAM has room for it. With some computers, it is possible to add extra memory chips to increase the RAM.

Role Of Editors And Editing Styles Film Studies Essay

Role Of Editors And Editing Styles Film Studies Essay In the early Stages, editing was done, with the help of mechanical equipment that appropriately put together linearly edited reels. The digital revolution and technological advances have magically simplified the post-production process. With various types of easy, interactive software applications, editing is not restricted to professionally trained editors and apprentices, but also made it possible for film students, amateurs and one-time users to edit their own film or video productions. With technology advancing in the speed of light-years, editing in film and TV production has gained a pivotal role. This research paper focuses more on editing styles, and the role of editors in film, and also about various editing techniques used in the film. This Paper focuses on the study of editing and about the various techniques and different features of editing. This research is also focused on the role of editing in film making like how editing make the film more effective. So this dissertation is concentrated on definition of editing types, how editing differ in various film genre, Importance of camera a shots and angles Study about editing The paper states that how film get life in the editing room. Also how editing makes the film more effective This research helps to study the editors mind and how the editors are playing with the shots to make the film better. The dissertation makes every one to understand the basic concepts and importance of editing in filmmaking Editing is an art we can play around it. The editing has its own principles. The editing has its own reason for every cut and every transition, effects and all. In the editing room the film has rearranging by the sequence, scene, shot, take we can see all this aspects detail in following research. Introduction Chapter 1 | Introduction Editing is one of the challenge aspects in film making. The films are getting their full forms in editing room. In the process of film making editing plays the major role. I will say that editing is the backbone of the film. Most of the people will compare the filmmaking process to the birth of the baby. Regarding this example the filmmaker is the father of the film but the editor plays the role of the doctor who makes the baby born safely to the world. The film is the huge aspect when the concept is rising from the creator mind and till it delivered to the people it crossing various levels. Once the film enter inside the editing room are in editing level thats the turning point of the film. The flow, tempo, screenplay, and more things are getting entered in side the film like the ingredients in the cake Most of the people think that the editor will do the rearrange the shots in order. Of course the editor will do the rearrangement, but he do lot of things more than that to make the film better to the audience. Every editor is differing from one another and every editor has their own way of editing style. In the film making the producer, the writer, the director, the cinematographer the actor and the editor plays the key role. The other people also contribute a lot. The editor role starts once when the production begins. He will be making a rough assembly of shots. Thus how the editor begins in the film making. When production get over the editor starts his assault with film. He plays with the shots to find the continuity and the connectivity between the sound and the visual of the film this will create the dramatic way of filming. It makes the film more effective. The editors are very important to make a film more emotions. He makes the audience to forget the cut of the shots. Thus he achieves his goal. The editor, the director and the producer are the three points to make the triangle called film. Here the editor has to know the thoughts of the director and t he producer. The other two the same they all have to read the other two people this make the edit in rhythmic way. Mark berger who was the re-recorder mixer on apocalypse now states that learning about the techniques of postproduction is similar to learning about the techniques of classical music (Declan mcgrath -editing post-production screen craft 1998) 1. | Aim The dissertation aim is to critically evaluate how editing makes the film more effective 2. | Objectives Short history Definition of editing Types of editing Analyze the aspects of editing Role of editing in films Principles of editing To analyze the films which awarded for editing To analyze the film which failed because of editing The film editors point of view 3. | statement of the problem To evaluate is the editing makes the film more effective. 4. | significance of the study This research paper will make clear the concept of editing. And the researcher can know more about the editing. I like to be an editor so it will support me a lot. This research is not only to study the editing. It explore the editor mind and editing concepts to the world Most of the people are thinking editing is just a job this research states them its not only a job its a creative art. This brief research will tell about this creative art this research is helpful do my project. And become an editor. This paper will help the people who are trying to be a good editor and to achieve their goal. It will be the direction board for new editor. It helps to change the concept of editing in peoples mind. It makes the editor to view the film in different perspective. The research helps the editor to study the filmmakers mind and give the exact cuts for their films. 5. | Research Questions What is editing? What are the types of editing? Is their any common rules followed by editors? How editing differ in various genre? How editing controls the tempo of film? How editing make the film better to view with more interest? How films are awarded in the categories of editing? How to study the filmmakers mind? Is editing took place more than the script? Is editors own style of cut make s the film good or bad? Chapter 2 Review of Literature Chapter 2 | Review of Literature In this fast moving world peoples took a short period of time for their entertainment. Film is one of the biggest entertainments for the people. So is our duty to give a quality entertainment film to the people. For this editing helps out a lot to achieve the full quality full length film. The literature which tells about the editing and it types, the history of editing and how it evolved from the past to present, the technique and principles of editing, tells whos the editor?, what he does? , whats his role in the film? And more 1. | Literature Review Film and video editing  By Roger Crittenden in the year 1995, this book gives the detail study of the film and technology of editing, the editing procedures, languages in editing. Its a great book to know about the editing in every perspective. And also he given the great examples from the past and the present film which shows the editors cut On film editing: an introduction to the art of film construction By Edward Dmytryk in 1984. It is a great book which shows the editing in all terms with the examples. The book tells the editor to what he wants to do in editing. Also the book has a great introduction. It covers the techniques and principles of editing. Film editing: history, theory and practice: looking at the invisible By Don Fairservice. In 2001. The book tells the challenging aspects of editing from the beginning to now. It tells the history and how the editing evolves and a detailed study about various aspects of editing. The technique of film and video editing: history, theory, and practice By Ken Dancyger third edition 2002. This book tells the editing in editors point of view. This book covered from the history techniques followed by the editors. It expresses the principles and way to cut for the different genre of films. Its the great book and inspiration for all the editors and directors. This book tells the ideas and the styles of the editors. The book can easily understandable. The technique of film editing  By Karel Reisz, Gavin Millar in 1953, it is an inspired book which states all the form of editing in simple way to all the people who wants to know about the film and the editing. It feeds the history definition, practice, principles, techniques, every aspects of editing. And it tells who the editor is. Its a great book for everyone. Nonlinear editing basics: electronic film and video editing By Steven E. Browne in 1998, the book states the editing basics. It tells all the technical basics of non-linear editing. Where it has to use? And it tells the different aspects of nonlinear editing. This book is the best guidance for the editors to non linear cut. In the Blink of an Eye: Second Edition Walter Murch in 2001. This book gives a nice ride to the editing world. Walter murch given this book in different perspective, He expresses the continuity and discontinuity in editing, dreaming and waking reality; the book states the emotional, technical aspects of editing. Nonlinear editing: storytelling, aesthetics, and craft By Bryce Button in 2002. This book is very use ful to all the editors. And it conveys the editors for their tools and techniques. And it tells the readers the importance of the emotion, timing the cut and the exact flow and pace. Film editing: the art of the expressive By Valerie Orpen in 2003. This book gives a simple introduction to the craft of editing in the non-silent film; the other tells the editing is very expressive. She examines the editing from the silent cinema. The Eye is Quicker: Film Editing Making a Film Better Richard D. Pepperman 2004 the most comprehensive book on the principles, methods, and strategies vital to the creative art of film editing. It shows how editing can make the film better. The Film Editing Room Handbook: How to Tame the Chaos of the Editing Room  by Norman Hollyn in 2009. The reader will get full vision of film making from this book. This book states the each and every aspect in film making process. It tells the work flow and how the film is edit in the cutting room. What the editor will do? Its a great book the reader can get many things about the filming and filming process from this book. Editors guild magazine by the editor deba neil (vol.25, no2-march/april 2003) she tells her different experience in different film genre. How the cut differ from the various type of films. Film editing: Tips and techniques for creating a compelling story by andy coughlan. The review tells about the editors must under stood the directors mind and the script. Also it tells some working tips in editing http://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/film-editing.html the site tells about the editing techniques and two basic methods to edit the film. And also states some ideas to edit the film. http://www.introtoediting.com/ Copyright  © 2007 by Christina B. Douglas the site states about the editing in editors point of view. She explores her thoughts about the editing here and makes sense what is editing to the people. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Film_editing Copyright  © 2010 Film editing is the only art that is unique to cinema, and it covers about the editing and its history. And more about the editing concerns. The above literature review helps this paper to evolve more and know more about the editing and filmmaking aspects. All the above books, reviews and sites are the guidance for this research paper. All the above literatures are inspired me to know more about the editing and experience the art and craft of editing. Research Methodology Chapter 3 | Research Methodology This paper carries the qualitative and quantitative process. The content and the other concerns for this research paper from the secondary source like literature, article, websites, books and forums for the qualitative and the interview and survey for the quantitative. The research for this paper will base on this resource on both qualitative and quantitative. It explains about the editing and it helps to know more about the various phenomena of editing. The resources here is used to make this research to states the following editing aspects in both qualitative and quantitative research Based on the research paper to tell and know about the editing Definition, History, Types, Rules and Techniques, editing language, types of cut, about editor, about cutting room, tells how cut differ from films and editors, and more The paper will be reviewing the films which awarded for editing. And more other films based on editing In the quantitative research the research paper states the editors mind. And their own fun and works in films through cut. And to find the cut tricks and techniques which make the film better and effective. The research will be hardly holds the every resource of both qualitative and quantitative to critically evaluate how editing makes the film more effective which is my aim in this paper.

Chapter 2, -The Great Gatsby- -Dying society- Essay -- English Liter

Chapter 2, -The Great Gatsby- -Dying society- Fitzgerald presents in this novel upper-class people, who live in the world of dreams. He tries to describe the life of milliners, who spends enormous amount of money on drugs, parties, alcohol and other luxury things. In this chapter the writer clearly shows us that America in 20th was dying, there was no truth, no love and no real relationships, and everything was based on how much money each American had. All America had just people who were obsessed with appearance.  «a small living room with a set of tapestried furniture entirely large for it » Even this description of a flat where the party goes on is a significance of a bad taste and showing off. What people could see is only glamorous dresses and costumes. The business which was attractive to anyone was gangster business. It was nearly admirable. America wanted quick money to be made. â€Å"Most of these fellas will cheat on you every time. All they think of is money† Fitzgerald used an oxymoron in his play to show that the country on its surface is growing but in the heart of it is dying, which he calls: â€Å"a valley of ashes, a desolate area of land†. Also the writer suggested that America is leaving without any colour, people houses gardens relationships are under nasty, coverless surface† a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens†. The writer gave very specific image to all his characters, they were full of energy, but this energy didn’t suppose to last for a long time. People in the novel are described as: faintly handsome/ beautiful, spiritless anaemic with an ambitious character. Most of them behave as children, they are hedonists. They only thin... ...th or not. The main idea of gossiping was to seem that you know more and therefore people will communicate with you more than with others. â€Å"Well, they say he’s (Gatsby) a nephew or a cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm. That’s where all his money comes from†. The relationships between people were very strange. Either very cold to each other or people just didn’t go so deep into person to know him better. The idea of dying society was presented by Fitzgerald in a way that people were careless with each other, with themselves and of course with the country which they were destroying absolutely. The society didn’t have any moral points in life. Those party’s at Gatsby’s house were just a surface of life were Fitzwilliam shows his own antipathy towards America in 20th. America was like a huge tree which didn’t have enough water and was losing its colours and leaves.

Administrative theory and practice management

As Dougherty (2008) reports, whites will make up less than half of the U.S. population by 2042, sooner than expected. Therefore, organizations will have to adjust to the new situation. Market globalization reinforces the importance of intercultural communication, since majority of big corporations employ people from a variety of backgrounds.For this reason, management of diversity is one of the most important human resources tasks. Visionary and effective diversity management reduces the probability of conflict in organizations and increases the organization’s efficiency, productivity, and employee satisfaction.‘Managing diversity’ is a concept that refers to ‘a planned, systematic and comprehensive managerial process for developing an organizational environment in which all employees, with their similarities and differences, can contribute to the strategic and competitive advantage of the organization, and where no-one is excluded on the basis of factors un related to production’ (Performance Associates, 2004, ‘Managing Diversity: A Definition’, para. 1).Development of healthy, tolerant and productive organizational culture is only possible under the conditions of visionary intercultural management: ‘When there is weak leadership and management of diversity within an organization, a variety of problems and issues can arise’ (Sonnenschein, 1999, p.25).As a leader of my company, I have to pay greater attention to values shared by people from different backgrounds. Not only does everyday life differ across the globe, but also leadership style and workplace ethics vary from country to country. I should acknowledge the impact of diverse workforce on market and realize the fact that successful companies should go to great length to avoid multicultural business clashes.In the contemporary workplace, failure of an organization can be in many cases attribute to ineffective management of diversity. A successful m anager is characterized by tolerance and cultural sensitivity.As concerns practical measures aimed at utilizing the potential of a diverse workforce, there is a number of ways to manage diversity in the workplace. First of all, the process starts with recruitment. Underutilized minorities, women, and disabled citizens often possess unique skills crucial to a company’s success.It is important to make the job look attractive to the abovementioned groups and encourage them to come to an interview. It is also necessary to ensure that interviewees are not stereotyped on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, skin color, age, disability, or sexual orientation. Finally, it is a must to make all the appropriate arrangement for disabled employees starting with the day of interview.However, managing diversity is different from affirmative action. Many companies construe the concept of managing diversity as color blind (and sex, disability etc. blind) judgment of applicants based on their q ualifications. It means that being different would not harm someone’s chances of recruitment but will give him or her no unfair advantage over the rest of the applicants.Secondly, developing intercultural skills among managers and employees is of paramount importance. In a multinational environment, employees are likely to have different experiences and sums of knowledge. Problems might include misunderstanding of basic terms of cooperation and prejudices against other team members. To avoid them, management should establish a clear framework for cooperation and enforce ethical standards.Intercultural awareness and competence among managers and employees can be achieved through specific training programs. Managers can understand the culture of their employees better by gaining insights into its origins, including history, religion, and politics.Knowledge of the issues of race, ethnicity, and religion are invaluable for effective leaders. The most effective way to comprehend a different culture is to compare and contrast it with one’s own your cultural identity. People with a deep understanding of their cultural self are likely to possess strong intercultural skills.Teambuilding and enhanced communication are the first steps towards the effective use of cultural diversity for competitive advantage. Teambuilding activities can improve socialization and counter negative perceptions employees might have about their colleagues, especially those from a different background.Finally, there should be certain institutional adjustments made for effective management of diversity. Many companies have set up special position of Equity Officer responsible for monitoring workplace situation; employees can also report cases of discrimination to this person. If discrimination cannot be stopped by conventional dispute resolution methods, Equity Officer is mandated to take appropriate legal action.It is of paramount importance to communicate to employees that any vi olation of equity or workplace ethics will be immediately and severely punished.If a company succeeds in building an inclusive work environment, it will be able to attract and retain a talented workforce, reflecting the growing diversity of worldwide business community, and encourage creative thinking and cooperation. In such an environment, mutual respect is the key principle, and every employee's contribution is valued.Diversity management can be an effective way to tackle many problems facing many contemporary organizations, including high stress levels among employees, low job satisfaction, absenteeism, and high turnover.People centered organizations strive in an atmosphere of mutual respect and understanding. Given the fact that the half of American population will be nonwhite in several decades, my company should adopt a corporate culture where no superiority or domination of a certain ethnic group is tolerated.The change process might be complicated, since all employees are C aucasian and have tenure with the company. The inclusion of employees from other ethnic groups should be gradual; this process should be constantly overseen by the manager.New hires might feel uncomfortable in the all-white environment, therefore they should be given support and assistance from the management at the initial stage of their employment. Yet it is also of paramount importance not to make other employees perceive this support and assistant as discriminatory against them.While the transition might be complicated, I can build on such assets of my company as strong corporate culture and effective communication between the management and employees.Therefore, diversity should be regarded as a strategic resource for successful organizations. Managing diversity is one of the most crucial human resources tasks in the contemporary workplace, given the changing demographical landscape of America and worldwide globalization.ReferencesDougherty, C. (2008). â€Å"Nonwhites to be Maj ority in US by 2042.† The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121867492705539109.htmlPerformance Associates. (2004). ‘Managing Diversity.’ Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.performanceassociates.co.nz/diversity.htmlSonnenschein, W. (1999). The Diversity Toolkit: How You Can Build and Benefit from a Diverse Workforce. New York: McGraw-Hill.  

Free Essays on Black Women In The Media

Mainstream media’s affect on the credibility and imaging of the Black Woman â€Å"Bend over to the front, touch your toes, bounce that ass up and down and get low!† blasts the latest rap song that seems to get a substantial amount of airtime. This particular song instructs a woman on how to perform an erotic strip tease. These lyrics are a small fragment of the images conveyed of Black women to audiences domestically as well as internationally. The American medium which includes radio, television, film, and other forms of advertisement continues to produce degrading, misleading, and destructive images of Black women. These images become unrelenting negative stereotypes that weaken the Political credibility of Black women in the White dominated patriarchic society. Cultural images of African American women based on stereotypes are at the very foundation of the problem of African American women’s limited access to societal resources and institutions (Jewell, 1992, p. 12). Stereotype as used here â€Å"is an imitation, a copy of something of someone that is, by means of the media machinery, held up first as THE symbol or symbols to the exclusion to others; and then repeatedly channeled out to viewers so often that in time it becomes a ‘common’ representation of something or someone in the minds of viewers† (Blackwood, 1986, p. 205). The purpose of this piece is to briefly examine factors that contribute to the social and political disenfranchisement of the Black woman. In particular, I examine how the oppressors use imagery and ideologies to maintain their superiority, while consigning Black women to an unscrupulous societal status. The media have been an effective instrument for conveying and proliferating cultural images (Jewell, 1992, p. 71). The â€Å"bad-black-girl† is depicted as alluring, sexually arousing and seductive. She fulfills the sex objectification requirement of White womanhood, although she is portrayed as... Free Essays on Black Women In The Media Free Essays on Black Women In The Media Mainstream media’s affect on the credibility and imaging of the Black Woman â€Å"Bend over to the front, touch your toes, bounce that ass up and down and get low!† blasts the latest rap song that seems to get a substantial amount of airtime. This particular song instructs a woman on how to perform an erotic strip tease. These lyrics are a small fragment of the images conveyed of Black women to audiences domestically as well as internationally. The American medium which includes radio, television, film, and other forms of advertisement continues to produce degrading, misleading, and destructive images of Black women. These images become unrelenting negative stereotypes that weaken the Political credibility of Black women in the White dominated patriarchic society. Cultural images of African American women based on stereotypes are at the very foundation of the problem of African American women’s limited access to societal resources and institutions (Jewell, 1992, p. 12). Stereotype as used here â€Å"is an imitation, a copy of something of someone that is, by means of the media machinery, held up first as THE symbol or symbols to the exclusion to others; and then repeatedly channeled out to viewers so often that in time it becomes a ‘common’ representation of something or someone in the minds of viewers† (Blackwood, 1986, p. 205). The purpose of this piece is to briefly examine factors that contribute to the social and political disenfranchisement of the Black woman. In particular, I examine how the oppressors use imagery and ideologies to maintain their superiority, while consigning Black women to an unscrupulous societal status. The media have been an effective instrument for conveying and proliferating cultural images (Jewell, 1992, p. 71). The â€Å"bad-black-girl† is depicted as alluring, sexually arousing and seductive. She fulfills the sex objectification requirement of White womanhood, although she is portrayed as...

Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essays

Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essays Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essay Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essay Index Page no Content 5-12 Comparison and contrast of characteristics of both the cuisines 13-16 Discussion of influences on both the cuisines 17-18 Discussion the definition of multi-cultural work nature of food and drink 19-20 Food trends 2011 vs 2012 Overview Wasabi is a sushi bar serving only sushi in Phoenix Mall in Vlman Nagar, Pune. It serves authentic, traditional sushi. Wasabi is Just 6 months old. Initially, there was great response for sushi but now sales are dipping down. One of the main reason is acceptability of sushi in its authentic form since many of the guest comment cards nsist they would like to have sushi with Indian tough to it. Owners of this restaurant are thinking of rebranding the restaurant that would offer sushi with Indian taste to it. This concept aims at providing Indian and Japanese Fusion Cuisine keeping in line with latest food trends in the market. I am currently working as Chef-De-partie in Wasabi and report to the Executive Chef who is Japanese. The Executive Chef has given me the responsibility to research the commercial feasibility of the fusion sushi and I am to assist him with the same. Background of sushi: The original type of sushi, known today as nare-zushi was first developed in Southeast Asia before introduction to Japan. Sushi literally means sour-tasting. The oldest form of sushi in Japan, narezushi still very closely resembles this process, wherein fish is fermented via being wrapped in soured fermenting rice which results in a sour taste. In Japan, narezushi evolved into oshizushi and ultimately Edomae nigirizushi, which is what the world today, knows as sushi. (Asian artmall, 2006) Contemporary Japanese sushi has little resemblance to the traditional lacto- fermented rice dish. Originally, when the fermented fish was taken out of the rice, only the fish was consumed and the fermented rice was discarded. As sushi evolved, vinegar was started to be added to the mixture for better taste and preservation. The vinegar amplified the rices sourness and was known to increase its shelf life, allowing the fermentation process to be shortened and eventually abandoned. The contemporary version, internationally known as sushi, was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799-1858). (Asian artmall, 2006) Today sushi has become a delicacy in Japan and is considered one of the most prestigious food items to be served. The increasing popularity of sushi has resulted in various variations all round the world. With Indian style food in the backdrop, how sushi can be served to the Viman Nagars masses so that it appeals them forms the crust of the assignment. . 1 Compare and contrast the characteristics of Indian and Japanese cuisines Both the Indian and Japanese cuisines have come a long way in terms of their evolution from the conventional era to the contemporary period. How both these cuisines differentiate is being discussed based on the following parameters: Conventional menu structures Japanese cuisine: A typi cal Japanese meal basically has four components: rice, a soup, the main dish, and pickles. Rice is the staple component and lies at the core of Japanese food culture. Soup is usually sipped slowly throughout a meal. (Ghildiyal, 2010) Indian Cuisine: Whereas Indian meal compromises of roti (bread), a vegetable/meat preparation (dry preparation or gravvy), a rice preparation which is generally plain rice accompanied with a dal-based curry-like preparation. (Ghildiyal, 2010) Course structures The standard traditional Japanese meal, IchiJu-sansai meaning one soup, three ides consists of soup, rice, pickles and three dishes or accompaniments is meant to be eaten all together and served all at once. Therefore the diners wait till all the dishes are assembled at the table and then eat from their individual bowls of rice, adding soup, pickles and condiments to taste and alternating with morsels of accompaniments. (webmd, 2006) Indian Cuisine: However, in case of Indian meals, the vegetable preparation and roti (bread) are generally served first. After the diner is satisfied with this course he is then served rice along with the dal-based curry. The diner mixes the curry along with the rice and can eat it along with the vegetable preparation. webmd, 2006) Eating habits Japanese Cuisine: Up until maybe 50 years ago most people ate soup and rice three meal day and occasionally ate dried, salted or fermented dish The characteristic way of eating Japanese cuisine is to alternate between eating the rice, soup and side dishes. (Mcwilliams, 2012) A traditional meal is served with rice, vegetables and miso (fermented soy bean paste) soup and fruit is often eaten as desert. Many dishes come with soy sauce or wasabi (very hot mustard-like green horseradish). Many urban Japanese have adopted the American way of eating†a big breakfast, light lunch, and a big dinner. Miso soup and rice are a dietary base, often eaten for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Breakfast (asa-gohan) generally consists of Juice, coffee, eggs and toast or rice. A typical breakfast consists of rice, miso soup, spinach and egg. Most people eat breakfast at home. Its hard to find a restaurant that serves breakfast. Many coffee ships have a set breakfast with a drink, toast, boiled egg and light food. On the weekends people eat pancakes or a traditional breakfast of miso oup, rice, egg, vegetable and fish. Lunch (hiru-gohan) is generally eaten by many people out due to work, grabbing a quick meal or snack such as a bowl of noodles, sandwiches, rice balls or even Chinese food. Dinner (ban-gohan) is generally an informal meal with meat or fish, rice and miso soup. Main dishes made at home, include thing things like curry rice, pork cutlets, meatloaf-like hamburgers, fried fish, stir fried chicken or pork dishes, and dishes made with tofu. Fancier dinners include some of the items listed below. Japanese often drink nothing with their meals; Miso soup often serves the purpose of a drink. Sometimes beer, wine, hot tea, cold tea, water or other drinks are served with their meals. An evening snack of fruit is commonly eaten. The accompaniments in Japanese food are generally pickled vegetables where vegetables are soaked in a mixture of vinegar and sugar. Indian The breakfast could be anything ranging from poorl (deep-fried fluffy Indian bread) and chole(chick- peas with tomato), idli ( a savory cake) and sambhar ( a lentil based dish) , poha (a rice preparation), paratha ( a flat Indian bread usually stuffed with different vegetables such as potatoes , spinach etc. nd many more. There is no restriction or generalization of what an individual could have in the breakfast in the morning. Most people however prefer a hot cup of tea or coffee in the morning. (Mcwilliams, 2012) The afternoon lunch is either home-packed (dabba) or is had in the canteens by the working class. The lunch includes the typical roti(bread), vegetable preparation, rice and dal-based curry with a swee t occasionally. Evening breakfast is generally lighter than the morning breakfast and is generally accompanied with a hot cup of tea or a coffee. The dinner is the same as afternoon unch including the typical roti(bread), vegetable preparation, rice and dal-based curry with a sweet occasionally. The accompaniments in Indian food generally include sliced onions, lemons, pickles (mango, lemon) and sometimes salads. Characteristics of food Japanese cuisine is mostly seafood-based and generally it doesnt have the thick spicy curries and gravies associated with Indian food. Though Japan accounts for only 2% of the worlds population, its people eat 10% of the worlds fish. The flipside of Japans fish craze means the Japanese eat less red meat. The Japanese diet includes huge amounts of rice. The main unique characteristic of rice which is grown in Japan is that it is more glutinous as compared to rice grown in India. When such type of rice is pounded it results in a sticky rice paste. This paste is shaped into cakes that can be grilled or perhaps wrapped in seaweed. Soups are also an integral part of Japanese cuisine and most of the soups are clear soups. They are also an integral part of Japanese breakfast. Red bell peppers, green beans, zucchini, eggplant, onions, burdock, tomatoes, green peppers, lettuce, carrots, spinach, bamboo shoots, beets, lotus root, turnips, daikon (or giant white radish), shiitake mushrooms, sweet otatoes, and seaweed (or sea vegetables), such as kombu, nor, and wakame all have a place in the Japanese diet. As many as four or five different varieties are served in a single meal and no one thinks it odd to have vegetable soup or a salad for breakfast. A typical Japanese dessert is an assortment of seasonal fruits, peeled, sliced, and arranged on a pretty plate. People do enjoy Western desserts like ice cream and cakes, but theyre usually offered in smaller portions and subtler flavors compared to the West. A cup of Japanese green tea is the perfect end to any meal. (Mcwilliams, 2012) Indian cuisine: The Indian cuisine is mostly spices-based which is intended to produce flavorful food consisting of whole or powdered chilli pepper (mirch), black mustard seed (sarso), cardamom (elaichi), cumin Oeera), turmeric (haldi), asafoetida (hing), ginger (a drak), coriander (dhania), and garlic (lehsun). One popular spice mix is garam masala, a powder that typically includes five or more dried spices, including cardamom, clove and cinnamon. Most of the food is vegetarian-based. Therefore a wide variety of vegetables are used in Indian preparations perhaps more than the Japanese cuisine. All Indian breads are flat. Most common is called Roti made with whole grain wheat flour. The diet of most of the people is based on the regional topography i. e people near the coastal region have seafood-based diet, people in North-India have more of a meat-based diet. Cooking methods To enjoy the fresh taste of seasonal products, Japanese cooking time for roasting and broiling is kept relatively short. (Kumakura, 2009) Indian cuisine: However, in Indian cooking, most of the curries involve the bhunao process, where any vegetable or meat is continually saut? ©ed and stir fried in onions, tomatoes, ginger, garlic, green chilies, and oil. Way of eating Japanese, traditionally, use chopsticks which are short, frequently tapered sticks used in pairs of equal length as eating utensils for noodles, rice and other preparations Also they dont use spoons to drink their soup but directly sip it from the bowls. Making sounds while sipping soup is not considered rude in their culture. On the contrary, it represents that one is enjoying the food served to him/her. (Kumakura, 2009) Indian cuisine: Indians generally prefer hands when having roti( bread) along with the vegetable preparation. Proper scooping technique involves making a boat-like shape with the oti, scooping up the curry without letting too much of the curry touch our fingers, and inserting the food into our mouth before anything spills out. Spoons could be used while consuming rice. List of condiments used A handful of Japanese condiments are available to personalise flavours. Wasabi is the pale green powdered root of the Japanese horseradish plant is used to garnish Sushi and add pungency (like Mustard or Mooli but with far more impact) to homemade dressings or sauces. Karashi is mustard, hotter than its western counterpart and used as a garnish or added to dressings and sauces. Shichimi or Ichimi Togarashi are Japanese chili powders used for sprinkling over noodles, miso soup, and stir-fried vegetables. Ichimi means one taste and consists of only Japanese chili pepper while Shichimi means seven tastes, and contains seven spices that include chilli, black sesame seeds, poppy seeds and hemp seeds among others. Sesame seeds, sesame oil, Gomashio (sesame salt), Furikake, Walnuts, Peanuts, red pepper, ginger, shiso (a flavourful herb), sansho (Sichuan peppercorn), citrus peel, Mitsuba (a fresh herb) and Monosodium Glutamate are other ingredients used in cooking or as table condiments. Kumakura, 2009) Indian cuisine: Spices are the very soul of Indian cuisine. They form the foundation of the cuisine that has existed for centuries. It is virtually impossible to cook any Indian dish without spices, even if they are only red chillies and salt. Bay leaves (teJ patta): An aromatic herb used for flavouring vegetables and meat. Black peppercorns (sabut kali mirch): A pungent aromatic condiment. Cardamoms (elaichi): One of the worlds most expensive spices, there are two varieties -the large, black-brown ones, which have a heavier favour and the small green ones which are aromatic and have a delicate lavour Carom seeds (aJwain): Also known as thymol or omum; used in pickles and vegetable dishes. Chilli and chilli powder: There are at least 20 known varieties of chilli powders. The range of chillies can be from white and yellow to saffron and red in colour While capsicums or peppers are mild and flavoured, Goan chillies are dark red in colour and not pungent. Green chillies are similar to fresh red chillies and their seeds are the most pungent. Red Kashmiri chillies are very mild and can be used for colouring and flavouring. Cinnamon (dalchini): Most Indian food is cooked with cassia bark, which is a good substitute for real cinnamon. However it does not have the delicate flavour of cinnamon as its flavour is much stronger. Ghildiyal, 2010) Cloves (bung): Cloves are the dried flower buds of an evergreen plant. The oil of cloves contains phenol, which is a good antiseptic and helps in preserving food. Coriander (dhaniya) seeds: Coriander seed powder is a very important spice in Indian food. Fresh coriander leaves are used for garnishing. Coriander has a strong, pungent smell b ut is almost indispensable to Indian cuisine. Cumin Oeera) seeds: Cumin seeds come in two varieties: white and black. The white variety is the more ommon one and is used as extensively as coriander seed powder while the black variety is more aromatic and peppery. Curry leaves (kadhi patta): These impart a subtle flavour when fried until they are crisp. They are popular in South Indian dishes. Fennel (moti saunf) seeds: Fennel seeds are a common ingredient for flavouring stocks, sauces, and curries. Used extensively as an ingredient in paan and as an effective digestive. Fenugreek seeds (methi dana): Fenugreek seeds are square, flat and yellowish-brown in colour Care must be taken in using the seeds as they are bitter and the quantity used must be controlled. Mace Oavitri): Mace is a part of the nutmeg. It is the shell of the nutmeg kernel. It has a flavour similar to nutmeg, but Is more delicate and is used in rice dishes. Mustard seeds (raJ):Tiny, dark, round seeds used for tempering in dais and pickles. Nutmeg Oaiphal): This is used to make fragrant garam masala. The kernel must be finely grated Just before use. Excessive use must be avoided as it can be poisonous. Onion seeds (kalonJi): Sprinkled over Indian breads and used in cooking vegetables. Pomegranate seeds (anar dana): Used in making savouries, and for giving a sour flavour. Poppy (khuskhus) seeds: White oppy seeds, roasted and ground, are used to provide a nutty flavour and to thicken gravies. Saffron (kesar): The worlds most expensive spice, saffron must be soaked in either warm milk or water and used at the end of cooking a dish. Tamarind (imli): The bitter-sweet, highly acidic pulp of the tamarind is used to flavour foods, and is a good source of iron, potassium and magnesium. Turmeric (haldi): Turmeric is a rhizome of the ginger family. (Ghildiyal, 2010) Portion control: Japanese portion sizes are small as compared to Indian cuisine. Indian cuisines: Indian portion sizes vary from region to region but are comparatively more as ompared to Japanese cuisines. The above differences can be summarized by the following table: Japanese Cuisine Indian Cuisine Conventional menu structure Four basic components: rice, a soup, the main dish, and pickles Four basic components: roti, vegetable/meat based preparation, rice, and dal-based curry Course structure All dishes are served once Roti and vegetable/ meat preparation first and then rice with dal-based curry Eating habits Food consumed during breakfast, lunch and dinner is different as compared to Indian cuisine. Also, accompaniments are different Food consumed during breakfast, unch and dinner is different as compared to Indian cuisine. Also, accompaniments are different Characteristics Sea-food based Inclusion of huge amounts of rice Soups integral part of meal Inclusion of wide variety of vegetables Extensive uses of spices Curry and gravy-based Inclusion of breads Diet varies from region to region unlike Japan Inclusion of wider variety of vegetables Cooking method Relatively shorter amount of time taken for roasting and boiling Bhunao process is used extensively Way of eating Chopsticks used as holding utensils, soups are sipped directly from bowl Hands are used directly to handle food while eating. Spoons used occasionally. Condiments used Wasabi, Karashi, shichimi, sesame seeds and oil, sansho, furikake etc Cinnamon, cardramom, bay-leaves, cumin, coriander, mace etc. Now let us look at some of the similarities between the two cuisines: Extensive used of vegetables Both the cuisines involve wide use of variety of vegetables. In the Japanese cuisine, these vegetables are generally soaked and pickled and served as accompaniments along with the main dishes. In the Indian cuisine, the vegetables are saut? ©ed or stir- fried to from thick curries or gravies or even dry preparations. Sharing of food Both the cuisines give utmost importance to the hospitality aspect of service. In both the cuisines, food is served in common bowls and shared amongst those sitting on the dining table. Cooking ideologies Even though both the cuisines use different cooking methods, the ideology behind them is more or less the same. The Japanese believe in retaining the original natural flavor of any ingredient and therefore prefer to eat food which is not cooked thoroughly. Whereas, the Indians believe in using spices to incorporate their flavor into their food to make the final produce more flavorful. Both the cuisines believe in aking use of freshest seasonal local produce. Presentation Both the cuisines believe in the concept of encouraging the diner to eat with their eyes by enjoying the beauty of their food. For example. The knife used to cut sashimi is a long knife beveled on one side. The sharpness of the edge and the slicing method involves pulling the knife on the fish, which does not damage the tissues, maintaining its umami (savouriness). Itamae (specialist chefs of Japanese cuisine) make the technique look easy, but it requires extensive training. Sushi is similar, maintaining the tissue fluid in the slices of fish, so its taste in combination ith the sushi rice can be appreciated. Similarly, lots of India chefs now-a-days are paying a lot of attention to the creative and presentation aspect of food which is served to the guests so that it looks more eye-appealing and the guests can enjoy it more. 1. 2 Discuss influences in world cuisine Japanese cuisine 1. Geographical conditions Sea-food based cuisine Japan is a long island about 3,500 km in length from north-east to southwest, situated in the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Eurasian bloc. The surrounding sea is a mixture of warm and cold streams, giving abundant varieties of fish. Beside the wide variety of fish that are available in the ocean, there are several types of fresh fish and edible planktons available locally in the rivers and lakes as well. Due to this large supply of fish, Japanese cuisine is sea-food based. (Kumakura, 2009) Inclusion of vegetables/ rice in cuisine The Japanese climate is characterized by warm monsoons, although the northern region is temperate and the southern islands subtropical. As a result, distinct changes over four seasons are experienced, which has been an important factor in Japanese cuisine. There are two rainy seasons in Japan. One is in June (Tsuyu: plum ain) and the other is in September (Akisame: autumn rain). The annual rainfall averages 2,000 mm, so fresh water is abundant. This water provides benefits to Japanese agriculture, allowing cultivation of rice, vegetables and fruit. (Kumakura, 2009) 2. Eating habits Portion control The Japanese food dishes are generally served in smaller portions. They believe eating in moderation helps keep an individual healthy. In Japan, food is served on separate small plates and bowls instead of on one big plate. Diners take turns having little tastes of everything. Japanese believe serving smaller portions is one of the best ecrets for eating healthfully and losing weight. Also, inclusion of nutritious foods like tofu, rice, vegetables and even fish which is believed to have anti-carcinogenic properties makes they believe that they follow a healthy diet. Also, the reason for this being that many Japanese like to enjoy different foods so that they can sample. Rice for example is a staple in the diet, and they eat a small bowl full and then go back for more if wanted. The portions themselves are smaller; however the choices to pick and eat from can be huge during a meal. (Kumakura, 2009) 3. Religion Majority of people in Japan follow Buddhism. Because of the respect for life, Buddhists may abstain from eating meat and fish. However, these foods are not strictly forbidden and many dishes do contain some meat and fish. Rice is the staple of the diet and eating in moderation is encouraged by this religion. (Mcwilliams, 2012) 4. Raw ingredients A primary characteristic of Japanese cuisine is the enjoyment of the raw taste of food, without using strongly flavored sauces. Japanese therefore keep the cooking time for roasting and broiling relatively short to enjoy the fresh taste of seasonal products and accompaniments are served in accordance to the main dish served. For ex. Shoyu (soy sauce) enhances the flavor of the raw fish. (Kumakura, 2009) 5. Lifestyle The country is geared towards an active lifestyle which centers around three key aspects: work, socializing and recreation. Most of the people walk for 3-5 kms daily and therefore there is a need for high-carbohydrate diet to keep them energetic and fresh. This is the reason why they consume simple-carbs based diet like rice, noodles, soya etc. Indian cuisine Spices based cuisine, inclusion of wide variety of vegetables Indian cuisine uses a wide variety of spices in its food preparations. The spices are used to flavor the food, aking each dish distinct and aromatic. Each spice by itself imparts a very unique flavor, but when used together with other spices, the combination and permutation of different spices change the individual characteristics. The extensive use of spices is because India has favorable climatic and soil conditions for growing spices and other semi-tropical herbs. Also, the fertile plains of a majority of rivers across India encourage agriculture in the early era and since then wide variety of vegetables are grown making it a national profession ever since. Therefore, the cuisine involves use f a wide variety of vegetables. No generalization of the cuisine Unlike the Japanese cuisine, the Indian cuisine cannot be generalized by any one characteristic. Since India is a huge nation which is divided into different regions, culturally different cuisines have evolved in their own way in such parts. The multi- cuisine structure involves the following cuisines: (Muller, 2002) Bengali Food Bengali cuisine is appreciated for its fabulous use of panchphoron, a term used to refer to the five essential spices, namely mustard, fenugreek seed, cumin seed, aniseed, and black cumin seed. The specialty of Bengali food lies in the perfect blend of sweet and spicy flavors. Gujarati Food The traditional Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian and has a high nutritional value. The typical Gujarati thali consists of varied kinds of lip smacking dishes. Gujarati cuisine has so much to offer and each dish has an absolutely different cooking style. Kashmiri Food Kashmiri food that we have today in the restaurants has evolved over the years. Highly influenced by the traditional food of the Kashmiri pundits, it has now taken some of the features of the cooking style adopted in Central Asia, Persia and Afghanistan. Mughlai Cuisine Mughlai cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines, whose origin can be traced back to the times of Mughal Empire. Mughlai cuisine consists of the dishes that were prepared in the kitchens of the royal Mughal Emperors. Indian cuisine is predominantly influenced by the cooking style practiced during the Mughal era. Punjabi Food The cuisine of Punjab has an enormous variety of mouth-watering vegetarian as well as non vegetarian dishes. The spice content ranges from minimal to pleasant to high. Punjabi food is usually relished by people of all communities. In Punjab, home ooking differs from the restaurant cooking style. Rajasthan Food The cuisine of Rajasthan is primarily vegetarian and offers a fabulous variety of mouthwatering dishes. The spice content is quite high in comparison to other Indian cuisines, but the food is absolutely scrumptious. Rajasthans use ghee for cooking most of the dishes. Rajasthani food is well known for its spicy curries and delicious sweets. South Indian Cuisine The cuisine of South India is known for its light, low calorie appetizing dishes. The traditional food of South India is mainly rice based. The cuisine is famous for its onderful mixing of rice and lentils to prepare yummy lip smacking dosas, vadas, idlis and uttapams. (Bali, 2010) 2. Religion In spite of the cultural differences across India, majority of people follow Hinduism and Jainism. Both these religions strictly forbid consumption of any form of meat and therefore most of them are vegetarians. Cow is considered sacred and therefore beef is not consumed by these people. Avoidance of alcohol is observed by such people to avoid any possible loss of self-control Fasting may also be done at various times of the year during various celestial events and other special days. (Mcwilliams, 2012) However, in the last few years, people have broken free from their bondage of religious restrictions and started consuming meat. The most common meat eaten in India is chicken because cattle-rearing has become easy and has huge potential from the commercial aspect. 3. Cooking methods As stated earlier, the main aim of Indian cuisine is to make the food flavorful and aromatic by incorporating the flavor of different spices and condiments in their preparations. As a result of this, bhunao process is used which includes saut? ©ing and stir-frying vegetables/ meat for a long period of time until the desired level of aroma and flavor is obtained.

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Tuesday's With Morrie Essays - Morrie Schwartz, Morrie, Free Essays Tuesday's With Morrie tuesdays with morre is a sad story. It is about a friendsip beetween a college professor and his student. When Mitch went to college at Brandeis University he had a college professor name Morrie Schwartz. Though the four years that Mitch went to college they became really good friends. Mitch asked Mr.Morrie if he could be his mentor. To Teach him all of the things life had to offer. After Mitch graduated from college they agreed to stay in touch. Mitch got a great job offer to be a sports columnist in Detroit, so he took it. Well time went by and they called each other every so often, but after awhile Mitch was much to busy with work that he lost touch with Mr. Morrie. He thought about him every once in awhile but never called or wrote him. One night when he was watching television he saw Mr. Morrie on nightline. That night he learned that Mr. Morrie had Lou Gehrig's disease. After Mitch heard about his illness he called him. Mr. Morrie was glad to hear from Mitch. He told him that he had a lot of things he wanted to discus with him before he died. It was a class and he was the only student. the class met on Tuesdays. It began after breakfast. The subject was the meaning of life. It was taught with experience. No grades were given, but there were oral exams each week. He was expected to respond to questions, and you were expected to pose questions of your own. No books were required, yet many topics were coverd, including love, work, community, family, aging, forgiveness, and, finally, death. The last lecture was brief, only a few words. a funeral was held in lieu of graduation. Although no final exam was given, you were expected to produce one long paper on what you learned. The last class of Mr.Morries class had only one student, which was Mitch.

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Developing the Forensics, Continuity, Incident Management, and Security Training Capacities for the Enterprise - Case Study Example Information security involves safeguarding the integrity, confidentiality and the availability of information either in electronic or print form while information policy assurance is the practice of managing the risk associated with such data. In any organization business continuity plan is crucial to provide a foundation for prevention and recovery from natural and non-natural disaster. Resource allocation therefore constitutes the backbone of the business continuity process. The organization should incorporate realistic and practical ways of resolving the important resource allocation issues that are most likely to impact it. This includes the people, places and things. People includes the employees, insiders, customers, vendors, institution-affiliated and third-party service providers. The places are the facilities that the institution owns, manages, maintains and controls while things is comprised of the assets, equipments, supplies, records and documents available to an organization (Watters, 2010). An effective and credible business continuity plan is developed in a series of steps. Business impact analysis is done to identify the sensitive and crucial business functions and the resources that support them. This process outlines the effects resulting from the interruption of normal business functions and the recovery priorities and strategies (Gerard Blokdijk, 2008). The information is used to decide on the resources to be allocated to the process. Appropriate delegation of planning activities and the involvement of the top and lower management personnel in the implementation of a BCPhas been observed to significantly yield positive results. According to the 2005 Business Continuity Survey by CPM and Deloitte, involvement of junior staff eliminates the otherwise casual approach towards the BCP and improves the response time. After an impact analysis has been

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The Entertainment Industry and Venue Management in Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example This confirms the sector compared to others has potential of sufficiently giving the government high revenue. The extent of Theatre in UK is quite evident based on numerous admirations not only within the bloc but also from global admirers who visit London annually due to the sector’s quality and creativity. Based on Shellard (2004) study, by 2004 had about 541 theatres whereby to date they have increased. Based on 2009 statistics approximately 10% of all visiting over 10 million people normally preferred watching stage shows whereby to date the number continues to augment (BBC News, 2010). The sector’s audiences include both the local and global people whereby the latter prefer making UK as their tourist destination. Hence, contributing to government revenue evident in 2009 whereby the revenue from this sector was about  £2.8 billion (BBC News, 2010). There are roughly 50 parks in UK with Alton Towers being the Britain’s best, whereby similar to theatres the parks their target includes both global and local visitors (Hughes-morgan, 2010). Though not comparable to other sectors, theme parks are currently making significant strides towards being reliable revenue generators. The 2009 statistics depict the sector managed to contribute approximately  £315m, which is significant revenue to the economy (Hughes-morgan, 2010). Probably, the hindering aspect is that their highest turnover period is especially in December when numerous people especially youths visit these venues (Hughes-morgan, 2010). The most targeted people include children and youths though and fun loving people more so parents as they accompany their young ones. Hence, they are family destinations not only to the natives but also tourists visiting diverse states who normally prefer relaxing with their close members more so children. The UK museums play a critical role since they represent culture in historical phases up to date. They actually assemble artifacts and preserve

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Kinship among South Indian Communities - Literature review Example Kinship among South Indian communities has been indispensable and the main form of social organization (caste system). The caste system was a closed hereditary group to which a person belonged strictly by birth. At one point, there were relationships based on endogamous marriage between two people from the same caste. Kinship is also concerned about the productive anxiety of relations of distinction and sameness, the main aspects being the ties that separate or bind. In a fishing village, ‘the Marianad’ what matters is the relations between siblings. The children of the same father and mother, siblings are similar apart from their gender. The strongest differentiation is made between siblings of different gender, a difference that has a great effect in the following generation (Busby 2000; 1995). Therefore, among the â€Å"Marianads† sisters are viewed to be identical in a manner that brother and sister cannot be. Sisters in this tribe, live closely, they are spot ted with each other baby either carrying or feeding it. Contrary, brothers are different in that they move to their wife’s houses in distinct villages, although they view their brother’s children as their own, and they often refer to them as their daughters or sons. The word Dravidian refers to a family dialect mainly spoken in South India. The Dravidian family is different in both origin and structure from the Anglo-Aryan family located in North India. People from South India classify kin based on the difference in sex, the difference in age, the difference in generation, and difference of kin identical with union relationship. This system exemplifies a sociological theory of marriage, and it justifies the issue of someone marrying a cross-cousin (Clark-Deces 2011; Bourdieu 1997). The Marianad people do not have the separate terminologies for the younger and elder sibling, uncles, and aunts. They also do not differentiate between kin identified to ego’s parents via same-sex association (parallel kin) and kin identified to ego’s parents via opposite se-associations. Writers such as Dumont try to suggest the differentiation between the cross and parallel kin in comprehending marriage choices and decisions in South India (Dumont 2006). The children of parents’ same or similar sex siblings (the fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law) are absorbed to the position of elder or young siblings, with whom sexual intimacy, marriage and sexual activities are prohibited. On the other hand, the children of parents’ cross-sex siblings (fathers-in-law and mothers-in-law) are absorbed to the position of spouses or wives with whom marriage is accepted or permitted in that in some castes in south India, it is preferred and prescribed. It is significant to note that these terms recommend separation between relatives (in-laws) and kin, which is not the same as our cultural differentiation between relatives by marriage and blood relatives.

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Walmart - Research Paper Example A progress in economy is achieved only when there is an uninterrupted production and consumption force. The growing population has made sure that the latter is always satisfied. It is the productivity that has a volatile quality attached to it. Productivity is one major force that can push the economic prosperity of any country, provided the workers and producers work towards the development of quality and cost-effective products. In the current scenario, with economic exploitation and commercialization spreading across at a rapid rate, there is an opportunity for everyone to compete in an equal environment. To be on top of such an environment, for more than three decades, it must take a great deal of effort and commitment. In this case, all those terms that define and celebrate success can only be associated with Wal-Mart, the world’s leading super-market. Be it in pricing of the products, implementation of latest technology to manage inventories or in customer satisfaction, Wal-Mart has always succeeded in achieving the best. The have become the largest employer in private category and have an outstanding record of having 8 out of every 10 Americans to be their customers. It has always been the case where they set the benchmark for the successful running of a private organization, and always, other competitors have followed their footsteps. Wal-Mart – How it began It all started, when a small time business man, Sam Walton, decided to start an innovative grocery store, innovative not by its design but by the principal of its working. When every other grocery store owner was trying to pocket the maximum discount got from supplier’s end, Walton decided to give it to the consumer itself. The principle behind that being, less price means less profit and more sales but, more sales guarantees a consistent profit. It was an instant success and riding on it, Walton went on to open Wal-Mart, his first of the many grocery stores, in the year 1962. ( Frank, 2011) Strategies of Wal-Mart Living a very modest life, Sam Walton was extremely frugal in his expenses. His mode of living helped him to focus on the principle of selling quality goods at low cost so that people get benefitted for each of their shillings they spend. The company still continues to work on this principle and continues to reap success. (Frank, 2011) The strategies of the organization are based on the motives given below: To be on top of the retail market ladder in each of their branch location By expanding the size of each store and selling every product at a cost comparatively lower to their competitors and by expanding their volume of sales, they have managed to achieve being a top company in retail market. To have a global expansion They have sustained their dominance by expanding globally. They have also spread their bases in eastern countries like China and India and have also made efforts to open outlets in developing countries. As a proof of their global expansion, they have about 2 million employees working in the organization, with 27 brands of Wal-Mart products and around 8000 retail outlets spread out in 15 countries. In 2009 alone, they have spent more than 4 billion to expand their outlets. (Densley, 2010) To improve customer satisfaction by developing a sense of trust about Wal-Mart They aim to achieve supreme quality with the products they sell through their brand name and provide the same at the lowest price possible. To improve the satisfaction of the customers, Wal-Mart has even made partnerships with other businesses like the food stores (e.g. McDonalds) and hang-out stores to allow them to keep a branch within their outlet. This helped the customers to have a feel of a complete and happy shopping experience. To expand business in other commercial product sectors. In the recent years, Wal-Mart has successfully ventured into new sectors like the pharmacy market, auto-markets, electronic products etc. They have maintained their

Existentialism and Finitude - Why existentialists prefer to speak of Essay

Existentialism and Finitude - Why existentialists prefer to speak of finitude rather than death - Essay Example We come into existence without prior definition; we merely come to be. It is when we gain an awareness of self that we come to define ourselves. Man becomes what he makes of himself; if he does not attribute any useful purpose to his life, then his existence remains to be inconsequential (Aquila, 1977). â€Å"’Finitude’ has a particular meaning within Existential thought, of which death is only part. By ‘finitude’ is understood that out lives are finite, they have an end in death.† (Earnshaw, 2006, p. 18). Physical death is of little consequence in life; it is in the realization that we will someday day, that we are constrained to make choices in life. Earnshaw points to an example in the movie Groundhog Day (1993). The hero of this story, faced with a day that recurs without end, lives each repeated day in a different way, and finds out that whatever he does, does not matter because he has eternity to live his life anyway, and he may choose to live well and virtuously in some days, and even live the life of a criminal in other days. He even commits suicide repeatedly, only to awake the next day and discover he is still alive. If life is eternal, then there will always be enough time to experience infinite possibilities. However, when everything bec omes possible, life loses its meaning and therefore its preciousness. It is only in the context of finitude that there is any meaning to the consequence of choices. Theories on finitude predated existentialism as an area of discourse. Karl Solger (1780-1819), German romantic philosopher, believed that in man’s finitude, he could only grasp fragments of reality. His desire to return to infinity requires therefore his sacrifice of his finitude. Solger and other similar thinkers have laid the groundwork for a discussion of man as both finite and infinite, a course of inquiry that led to what became known as the field of existentialism. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), the Danish philosopher generally acknowledged to be the first existentialist, regarded our common sense regard for human finitude as grounded on our limited understanding of things; however, because of our awareness that infinite possibilities exist (mainly in our concept of God) that in some way we ourselves were infinite. In Kierkegaard’s mind, the two conflicting concepts could only be reconciled by a belief in a Divine Being. Absent this reconciliation with the existe nce of God, man would find himself in a quandary as to how he may conceive of himself as being both finite and infinite (Moore, 2001; Wang, 2006). Kierkegaard differs with French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), in that the latter was convinced that humans would be finite even though they were immortal (Moore, 2001). For Sartre, finitude was rooted in the â€Å"brute contingency of human existence,† and the fact that the exercise of freedoms consequently excluded certain possibilities precluded by that which was opted. Sartre reasoned that it was due to our finitude that we are aware of things that appeared inexhaustible; their very objectivity makes us aware of the infinite points of view such objects may be regarded, not all of which we may occupy because of our finitude (Due, 1995; Jones, 1980). German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was directly opposed to Kierkegaard and Kant and reacted emphatically against the

Classic airline and marketing solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classic airline and marketing solution - Essay Example Moreover the management is not able to come to a consensus to resolve the problems. In order to overcome the hazards, this company needs to figure out strategies and plans. Identifying challenges The first step in order to resolve issues is to identify the challenges. One of the main problems faced by this airline is reduction in airline stocks. There is lack of unity among the employees and this has lead to low morale. One of the main problems is that the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer of this airline focuses less on marketing and at the same time wants more consumers to use this airlines. Around 20% of the members have stopped using the Classic Reward Frequent Flyer Program. This program is one such programme which recognises the efforts of frequent flyers by allowing them to redeem free tickets on miles. However one of the alarming statistics is that the average number of flights per member has declined to more than 20%. This translates to the fact that Classic Airlines is slowing losing its loyal customers. One of the major challenges which is being faced by all departments is that this company is 15% reduction in costs over the next 18 months. Perspectives of stakeholders and ethical dilemmas The major problems which Classic Airlines is facing are dissatisfied customers, low moral and unity among workers and competition from rival airlines. In order to get this organization back to track urgent strategic decisions need to be formulated with special attention to efficiency, innovation, efficacy and customer service. Classic Airlines expects to provide better quality services at the same airfare and this means that the marketing department needs to extensively and aggressively market the product to attract more customers. Framing the problem Classic airlines must focus on all aspects to ensure that they have better growth and profitability. To achieve this, the organization must be able to forecast market potential and future demand. This can be attained by focusing on long – term marketing goals which can help to reduce challenges. Classic airline must employ internal marketing strategies so that the internal customers are satisfied and work together as a team. Inte rnal marketing suggests that in order to be successful an organization must also emphasise on its internal customers or employees. Service organisations must ensure that the employees have the skill, attitude and commitment needed to meet up with growing customer demands and also sustain loyal customers. In internal marketing employee development is done through training, communication, recruitment, management, coaching and leadership. The company must understand the four elements of services; namely inconsistency, intangibility, inseparability and inventory. These are also known as the four I’s of the services. When discussing the marketing mix of the services the four P’s are important. In order to pursue major marketing goals in the target market, the marketing mix which consists of product, price, promotion and place must be used. The Classic Airlines should offer its customers, competitive prices, invest more on promoting products, improve the quality of the produ cts, enhance the CRM system, and implement new and innovating marketing plans and strategies. The above

Existentialism and Finitude - Why existentialists prefer to speak of Essay

Existentialism and Finitude - Why existentialists prefer to speak of finitude rather than death - Essay Example We come into existence without prior definition; we merely come to be. It is when we gain an awareness of self that we come to define ourselves. Man becomes what he makes of himself; if he does not attribute any useful purpose to his life, then his existence remains to be inconsequential (Aquila, 1977). â€Å"’Finitude’ has a particular meaning within Existential thought, of which death is only part. By ‘finitude’ is understood that out lives are finite, they have an end in death.† (Earnshaw, 2006, p. 18). Physical death is of little consequence in life; it is in the realization that we will someday day, that we are constrained to make choices in life. Earnshaw points to an example in the movie Groundhog Day (1993). The hero of this story, faced with a day that recurs without end, lives each repeated day in a different way, and finds out that whatever he does, does not matter because he has eternity to live his life anyway, and he may choose to live well and virtuously in some days, and even live the life of a criminal in other days. He even commits suicide repeatedly, only to awake the next day and discover he is still alive. If life is eternal, then there will always be enough time to experience infinite possibilities. However, when everything bec omes possible, life loses its meaning and therefore its preciousness. It is only in the context of finitude that there is any meaning to the consequence of choices. Theories on finitude predated existentialism as an area of discourse. Karl Solger (1780-1819), German romantic philosopher, believed that in man’s finitude, he could only grasp fragments of reality. His desire to return to infinity requires therefore his sacrifice of his finitude. Solger and other similar thinkers have laid the groundwork for a discussion of man as both finite and infinite, a course of inquiry that led to what became known as the field of existentialism. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), the Danish philosopher generally acknowledged to be the first existentialist, regarded our common sense regard for human finitude as grounded on our limited understanding of things; however, because of our awareness that infinite possibilities exist (mainly in our concept of God) that in some way we ourselves were infinite. In Kierkegaard’s mind, the two conflicting concepts could only be reconciled by a belief in a Divine Being. Absent this reconciliation with the existe nce of God, man would find himself in a quandary as to how he may conceive of himself as being both finite and infinite (Moore, 2001; Wang, 2006). Kierkegaard differs with French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), in that the latter was convinced that humans would be finite even though they were immortal (Moore, 2001). For Sartre, finitude was rooted in the â€Å"brute contingency of human existence,† and the fact that the exercise of freedoms consequently excluded certain possibilities precluded by that which was opted. Sartre reasoned that it was due to our finitude that we are aware of things that appeared inexhaustible; their very objectivity makes us aware of the infinite points of view such objects may be regarded, not all of which we may occupy because of our finitude (Due, 1995; Jones, 1980). German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was directly opposed to Kierkegaard and Kant and reacted emphatically against the

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example for Free

Hispanic American Diversity Essay The Hispanic Americans have a lot in common but still each maintained their ethnicity which differs. The different groups immigrated to America in search of the American dream and some for political reasons. Below we examine the different groups and how similar or different they are from each other. The Mexican in the United States seems to enjoy a higher recognition among the other Hispanic groups living within the US. The Mexican Americans started to arrive within the US after the US-Mexican war. Thereafter, they migrated due to the better economic promise that the American dream held, a reason that still holds to date. They come with the culture from Mexico and integrate it into the mainstream American culture (Mexican Americans, 2007). The major religion among the Mexican American is Catholic Christianity, followed by others like Jehovah’s Witnesses and Evangelicals. Their culture and norms revolve around their religion. They have a tight-knit family unit. They have a high affinity for family and very often associate closely with extended members of family. They work very hard to find houses to live next to each other so that they can experience a family kind of atmosphere. The family is taken very seriously by this group and therefore a lot of effort is made to preserve it. Men see themselves as protectors and providers, thus take it on themselves to provide for the family. If they have a high traditional background, they will most probably take on the macho man image (Nauert, 2008). The main language spoken within the Mexican-American group is Spanish. The language is carried from their ancestry land, Mexico. Along with Spanish, they also have influenced the American musical landscape with their much popularized Salsa dancing. Mariachis and Corridos are also singing styles from these sectors that have gained popularity within the US (Kwintessentials; Mexican Americans, 2007). Their political and social influence is also evident. Within the entertainment industry, this group has produced musicians, actors and various other entertainers with the likes of Ricardo Montalban, Tish Hinjosa and Louis Valdez claiming ancestry from this category. In politics, the group has formed political lobbies which have helped push its cause. The racism that they have experienced can be partly held possible for the political organization that has been witnessed within their ranks. Chicano organizations have been important in the political and social organization of Mexican American community. Key government personalities like Bill Richardson also have their roots within this category (Mexican Americans, 2007). The Puerto Rican enjoys a different kind of status. This country is a semi-autonomous commonwealth of the US, thus every citizen of Puerto Rico is a citizen of America. They are therefore considered as legal immigrants of the US. Theoretically, they should therefore enjoy more political power than the other groups. However, on the political front, this group is less active. The early involvement in politics declined in the 1970s and 80s after the Young Lords political inspiration failed to be permanent (Sanchez, 211, 2007). Their inability to make themselves an economically powerful unit despite their large numbers in the early years has been a reflection of their inability to get a grasp of main stream politics. The Puerto Rican American culture is a blend of Spanish and West African slave culture set in the American social setting. The predominant religion is Catholic, attributed to their Spanish roots. They also have the spirit beliefs, attributed to the West African roots. Their culture is filled with superstition and social life is considered very important. They have a wide range of tropical sea cousin and consider food to be an important social tool. With celebrations such as Candlemas and Day of children, their culture is one of flamboyant outdoor celebrations, and makes use of costumes and parades (Green, 2008). Their social life follows that of other Latin American groups of tight family cohesion. There is also the patriarchal system of family administration where the men are responsible for provision and administration of the family affairs. These factors contribute to the high relations between extended family members, though this has been strained by economic factors (Green, 2008). This society also has accomplishments in music and entertainment. The popular raggaetone music traces its roots to this Island. Other prominent musicians and performers include Enrique Martin, known as Ricky Martin and Jennifer Lopez (Green, 2008). The other group is the Brazilian Americans. This group, as the name suggests, has its roots in the Portuguese influenced culture. Their local language of communication is Portuguese, though it also has African and Native American influences. The perception of this culture is one that praises leisure and recreation. This is because they have very flamboyant street parades, with the largest street parade being held in their home country. A replica of it happens at the same time in New Yorks Little Brazil since 1985 (Jefferson, 2008). The Brazilian culture is set in Catholic Christianity, although there are Spiritists found within the culture. The mother country is cited as being the worlds largest Catholic country. They have solemn celebrations tied to their religious obligations. One of them includes the Festa do Iemenja, a tribute to the Queen of the Sea. Their family life is somewhat more patriarchal, with those who immigrate finding it hard to keep their wives off employment, as is the tradition. However, like other Latin American cultures, the family unit is extended to the extended family. This culture makes the society more integrated. Their social parameters have not gone to the extent of political involvement. There are few facts that support the notion that American Brazilians are directly involved in mainstream politics (Jefferson, 2008). The contribution of this group toward entertainment is mainly in its parades and music. The popularity of Samba music and the lambada has further promoted the recreational value of the Brazilian culture. However, on the mainstream, their full impact is yet to be felt (Jefferson, 2008). Columbian Americans are another group. Brought to America mainly due to political influence, this group has been associated with New Havana in Miami. They speak Spanish traditionally due to their colonial roots with the Spaniards. It is used in the local social life within the households. The family life tends to be cohesive due to the immigrant nature of the group. The community is tight knit due to the exclusivity and pride of this group, wanting to maintain a separate status from the rest of the Latin American groups (Sturner, 2008). The family unit, as stated above, is closely tied like the other groups. The value of social networking is important to these people as it helps them find work among each other. The racial discrimination from the white and even black population has helped establish this network. The traditional patriarchal society has undergone change in the American society (Sturner, 2008). The social and festival life of this group is also vibrant. The group is tribute to having a high interest is soccer. It is also tributed with the dance style cumbia. Their celebrations are mainly religious oriented. The political influences of this group are not much. This is because they are more concerned with home politics back in their emigrant country at the expense of participation in American politics (Sturner, 2008). In summary, the traditions of the Latin America are highly related. They all have a common interest in music and dance, and the family structure is the same in general. However, differences exist in the political influences that these groups exert and their reasons for immigration into the US. Although they share the Spanish language, each has its own dialect and are in different levels in terms of social, political, and economic advancements. References Alphine J. , W. (2008) Brazilian Americans Sourced on 20 April 2009 http://www. everyculture. com/multi/A-Br/Brazilian-Americans. html Boricua S. , J R. , (2007) power: a political history of Puerto Ricans in the United States NYU Press, 2007 Derek G. , (2008) Puerto Rican Americans Sourced on 20 April 2009 http://www. everyculture. com/multi/Pa-Sp/Puerto-Rican-Americans. html Kwintessential Mexican American Culture Sourced on 20 April 2009 http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/articles/article/Mexico/Mexican-American-Culture/1140 Mexican Americans (2007) The Mexican Americans Sourced on 20 April 2009 http://www. mexicanamericans. com/TheMexicanAmericans. htm Rick N. , (5 June, 2008) Culture Influences Mexican-American Attitudes Sourced on 20 April 2009http://psychcentral. com/news/2008/06/05/culture-influences-mexican-american-attitudes/2411. html Sturner P. , S. , (2008) Columbian Americans, Sourced on 20 April 2009http://www. everyculture. com/multi/Bu-Dr/Colombian-Americans. html

Overview And Causes Of Pica Disorder Biology Essay

Overview And Causes Of Pica Disorder Biology Essay Pica Disorder is the affliction that causes people to have a sudden urge to consume non-food related items (1). This disorder has baffled scientist for decades, and research has yet to come up with a clear reason or cause (1). Pica disorder can be found in literature as early as Hippocrates, and has been classified by many ancient scholars during the middle ages and Renaissance times (1). Many explorers, missionaries, and colonist have also written accounts about pica disorder in their journeys (1). Many of these early descriptions placed pica disorder as an intense desire to consume non-food related items, and has been described as a cultural phenomenon with no physiological cause(1). The word pica comes from the Latin word Pica pica which is the name of the magpie, a bird that is described to have an erratic appetite (1). Other names include cachexia Africana (named by doctors who took care of the African slaves), citta, mal destomac, and malacia (1). Pica disorder is prevalent among pregnant women and young children because they are the most biological vulnerable, and can also be found in people that are undergoing renal dialysis, have celiac disease, and those who have a red blood cell defect such as sickle cell anemia (1). The disorder can cause many different affects on the body with both positive and negative results (1). Some negative effects include: metal poisoning, damage to internal organs, and some weight gain (1). Positive effects may include: providing important micronutrients that the body lacks (Fe, Ca, or Zn), possible relieving stress on the gestational tract, and preventing harmful pathogens and bacteria from entering the blood stream (1). Several explanations have been provided to explain what causes pica disorder such as: psychological stress, dyspepsia, general hunger, protection against toxins and pathogens, and a side affect of iron deficiency which can cause anemia (1). In medical literature the definition of pica is, the craving and purposive consumption of substances that the consumer does not define as food with symptoms lasting longer then one month. (1). This clarification indicates that pica cannot be classified as the accidental ingestion of dirt or other non-food items, and the individual must voluntary consume the substance (1).The urge for pica can be compared to the addiction of tobacco, drugs, or the consumption of alcoholic beverages (1). The list of pica substances is countless, but a few of the major items include the consumption of: dirt, raw starch (uncooked pasta), ice, paper, chalk, eggshells, coffee grounds, matches, and in extreme cases needles or other sharp pointed items (1). Body Major Forms of Pica Disorder The consumption of dirt, clay, and chalk for the nutritional value that they might contain is called geophagy (1). This practice is prevalent among pregnant women, and in some communities might reach up to 60% of the population (1). The soil can be prepared by baking or frying, and the amount of dirt ingested ranges from 20-40g, and can range from consuming pieces of pottery, or eating beans that have a high concentration of dirt found in them (1). Most of these items include some type of clay in them, which contains a compound called kaolin, which is ingredient found in some anti-diarrhea medications (1). Another alternative to eating soil or clay is found in the consumption of other non-nutritional foods such as raw starch which is known as amylophagy (1). Most of these starches come in the form of raw foods such as uncooked rice, pasta, and starchy rubbers (1). The consumption of these starches ranges from a couple of grams per day to 1kg (1). One other major form of pica disorder can be found in pagophagy which is the consumption of ice (1). Unlike the average person that might suck on an ice cube or two, someone who practices pagophagy consumes several glasses of ice a day (1). Several Hypotheses There are several hypotheses that explain the environmental factors that might cause the onset of pica. These hypotheses can be broken down into three sub-categories: hunger, micronutrient deficiency, and protection against toxin (8). Researchers, however, have found little to no information on the genetic basis or mechanism that is associated with pica disorder. This lack of data is associated with researchers not having acknowledged that pica disorder is prevalent among many populations of the world today, and the belief that pica is just a mental ailment (8). Conducted Research on Anemic properties and Pica Disorder The main hypothesis concerning pica disorder is the association between pica and anemia (1). Some researchers have hypothesized that pica is a symptom which is developed when one becomes anemic (1). In two different studies, pregnant women were tested for several different variables. In the first study, researchers took a group of 823 pregnant women from Turkey and analyzed their relationship between anemia and pica (5). The second study consisted of pregnant women found in Tanzania that were tested to see picas involvement with immunodeficiency diseases (HIV), iron deficiency, soil transmitted helminth infections such as malaria, and the potential danger of infection of parasites (7). The demand for iron in a pregnant woman is much greater then the average human because of the increasing amount of blood cells needed for the mother and the fetus (7). The lack of iron can result in iron-deficiency anemia, abortions, false labors, and multiparity (5). In a worldwide study it was found that 20% of all maternal deaths resulted from anemia, and can also lead to premature births, underdeveloped infants, increased infant fatality, and a decrease in fertility (5). In the study done in Turkey, researchers were able to find that out of the 823 pregnant women studied, 1 out of 10 exhibited pica behavior (5). Most of these women were illiterate and were in a lower social class that resulted in less consumption of animal protein, and the lack of funds to take iron supplements during their pregnancy which resulted in deficient amount of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 during their pregnancy (5). In the study done in Tanzania, researchers found that 82.6% of the women studied had anemia where about 29% ate soil on a regular bases (7). Those that consumed soil were 75% more likely to have severe anemia when compared to those that didnt (7). Women that showed signs of iron deficiency (such as a decrease number of hemoglobin) were also more likely to consume pica substances (7). T here was no correlation between HIV and geophagy, and women that had malaria did not consume soil which could be a result of soil containing traces of iron which makes the conditions of malaria worse (7). The amount of Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm) found in the pregnant women was much higher in those who practiced geophagy (7). Geophagy became more prevalent as the pregnancy progressed (7). This could be the bodys response of supplying more iron to form more hemoglobin (7). Another purposed hypothesis is that when an individual practices in consuming non-food related items this can result in anemia (1). This hypothesis states that the intake of non-nutritional elements does not result in a positive result or a decrease in this deficiency (1). The mechanism behind this phenomenon is found to be caused by tissue enzyme deficiency and this includes Fe and Zn deficiencies which play a role in appetite regulating brain enzymes (1). In one study, three subjects were tested that exhibited different types of pica (4). One subjected consumed at least two super-sized McDonald soda cups filled with ice a day which resulted in heavy bleeding during her menstrual cycle (4). Another subject would drink iced water three to four times a day which resulted in the formation of colonic polyps which caused bleeding (4). The third and final subject would chew on rubber bands with a specific color and diameter (4). All three of the individuals were mentally stable, and had no history of mental ailments (4). After treated with iron supplementation, one subject was able to stop their pica condition while the other two were still undergoing treatment (4). It has been suggested that the reason why individuals that have developed pica eat ice in an abnormal amount is because glossal pain on the tongue can develop because of iron deficiency, and the ice actually soothes the pain (4). It has also been suggested that stress that is formed in the upper gastrointestinal tract (such as heartburn or nausea) brings on the urge of consuming pica elements (1). This is because some pica elements contain high traces of alkaline which can act a suppressor and reduce the gastric pH in the gastrointestinal organs which would reduce the pain induced by heartburn or nausea (1). This however does not take into account for the individual that chewed on rubber bands (4). In another case report, a 22-year old African woman was diagnosed to have severe anemia (6). The woman had complained of immense fatigue, and it was found that she had been consuming a stone that was high in kaolinite and quartz for the past 15 years (5). After removing traces of the stone in her body and providing iron supplements, the woman was able to recover from her sever anemia, and a check up 3 months later showed a satisfactory blood count and stable iron levels (6). A possible reason to why this stone made the woman develop severe anemia is because of the high levels of kaolinite found in the stone (6). Kaolinite is a compound that is able to absorb concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe 3+ in the duodenum, which is where iron is absorbed by the body (6). This could have caused her to develop a deficiency in iron which could have led to her having severe anemia (6). In many cases of pica, iron deficiency or anemic properties are present in the individual (1). There have been positive results that show livestock that have developed iron deficiency and have engaged in pica activity have shown improvement in their iron deficiency (1). However, sodium is the only known nutrient that is craved in humans, and some data shows that most pica substances have little to no iron in them except for soil, which the iron content of is less known although some acid base tests have been taken which resulted in some pica substances containing nutritional elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca (1). These tests however do not take into account the pH of the intestine, and the site of these nutritional elements such as Fe (1). Overall this hypothesis is an intriguing one, but does not have any current data that suggests that consuming pica elements actually help elevate iron deficiency or other nutritional deficiencies (1) Pica used as protection against pathogens and toxins A recent hypothesis that has come up in the scientific community is that pica substances are consumed to protect against harmful chemicals and pathogens (1). Clay is shown to exhibit toxin-binding properties, and kaolin (found in some clay) is an active ingredient found in some anti-diarrhea medications (3).These toxins can come from plants, which produce toxins as a protective measure against predators (1). These toxins can cause dizziness, muscle pains, and other unwanted side effects (1). Other chemicals can enter food via bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (1). Viruses and parasites can also enter the body and cause damage (1). In a study done with rats, the rats were injected with a chemotherapy agent (cisplatin), and then given doses of kaolin (3). The rats that were given kaolin showed less acute symptoms then the rats that were injected with cisplatin which exhibited a decrease in appetite, and weight loss (3). Kaolin could have played a role in decre asing the anxiety felt by the rats, and possibly sped up the recovery process (3). The mechanism on how clay and kaolin work on the body is still a mystery, and does not solidify the hypothesis that pica substances play a role in elevating pain from toxins or other chemicals (3). Conclusion Although pica disorder has been known since the time of Hippocrates, it is still a mystery to many researchers (1). The next step to further the knowledge about pica is to take a multidisciplinary approach, and to shift the idea of pica just being a mental ailment to pica also playing a physiological role in individuals (8). It is not fully understood to whether pica plays a role in the onset of anemic properties or if pica is a side effect of anemia (8). There is also the possibility that pica can contribute to the prevention or relief of toxins and pathogens from entering the blood stream (1). Although pica is not fully understood, it still must be taken seriously, as the effects are still not fully understood and could result in many complications that can lead to suffering for individuals that experience pica symptoms (1).